¥xÆWªáb www.taiwanflorist.com.tw ¥æ´«³sµ²°Ï(Åwªï¥ô¦ó¤H¨Ó«H¥æ´«³sµ²¡B¨Ó«H taiwanflorist@gmail.com
¥xÆWªáb(°eªá¨ì¥þ¥@¬É150°ê®a,500¦hÓ«°¥«,¥@¬ÉµØ¤Hªººô¸ôªá©±,±Mªù°e¤¤°ê¤j³°,¬ü°ê»P¤é¥»)
http://www.stella.com.tw ¥ú¬M¬ì§Þ
www.cmp.com.tw ¶Ô¬ü
http://search.china.alibaba.com/
http://www.168tfg.com.tw/front/bin/home.phtml
http://www.zhongzi.net/city/beijing.htm
http://forestlife.info/slide/s261.htm
http://www.lutheranmedia.org.tw/
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.evergrowseed.com.tw/main.htm
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://shop33063734.taobao.com/
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.flowerok.com.tw/customer/home.php
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://blog.chinatimes.com/sportnews/archive/2006/08/19/91804.html
¡@
http://www.iamcool.net/wang/blog/
¡@
¡@
http://blog.sina.com.cn/chenqi
http://blog.sina.com.cn/kaifulee
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.bloomadvertise.com/
¡@
¡@
http://www.googlechinablog.com/
¡@
¡@
http://www.aliceflower.com.tw/
http://www.pinoyblog.com/personal/flower-blog/
http://robinsnestingplace.blogspot.com/2007/06/balloon-flower.html
¡@
http://www.gardenstew.com/about6002.html
http://blog.sina.com.cn/xujinglei
http://blog.sina.com.cn/lm/topblog/index.html
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1191258123
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1191258123
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1198251274
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1189615035
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1195031270
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1192343191
¡@
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1080807495
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1230213633
¡@
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1266020172
¡@
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1189617115
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1189617115
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.googlechinablog.com/
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.alisoft.com/portal/index.htm
http://info.china.alibaba.com/biznews/pages/aliacademe/index.html
http://page.china.alibaba.com/shtml/about/ali_china8.shtml
¡@
¡@
http://www.cnweblog.com/q115622798/
¡@
¡@
http://webpage.hisearch.hinet.net/
¡@
¡@
¡@
http://www.japanfloristshop.com/
http://www.thejapanflorist.com/
http://www.flowerok.com.tw/customer/home.php
http://www.alaskanessences.com/
http://www.findhornessences.com/
http://www.japanfloristshop.com/
http://www.americanflowerdelivery.com/
http://www.japanfloristshop.com/
http://www.chinaflower.com.cn/
http://www.flowerstochina.com/
http://www.chinaflowernet.com/
http://www.flowerstochina.com/
http://www.forever-florist-china.com/
http://www.indiafloristnetwork.com/
¡@
http://albany-hk.stores.yahoo.net/
¡@
http://www.build-reciprocal-links.com/
¡@
¡@
http://www.rosestogermany.com/
http://www.excite.fr/directory/
http://shopping.pchome.com.tw/
http://www.chinaflowerscn.com/
¡@
http://www.chinaflower815.com/
http://www.shanghai-flowers.com/
¡@
http://www.chinaflowershop.com/
¡@
http://www.healingherbs.co.uk/
http://www.chinaflowershop.com/
http://www.chinaflowershop.com/
http://www.flowerdiary.com.tw/
http://www.flowergift.org.tw/flower/front/bin/home.phtml
http://www.webtime.com.tw/flower/flower.htm
http://www.aliceflower.com.tw/
http://www.happy-99.com.tw/flowers_home.html
www.americanflowerdelivery.com
http://www.japanfloristshop.com/
http://www.7caihua.com/0755/default.asp
http://www.chinaflorist.com.tw/
http://www.gift666.com/gifttopjjjrootjjjflowershoplist~citycode~100229.htm
Google
http://www.google.com/
¿»Á¦ÃÃ
http://www.yam.com.tw/
¤u¬ã°|
http://www.itri.org.tw/chi/
¥xÆW¾÷±ñ¤u·|
http://www.machinenet.net/
°ê¬ì·|
http://www.nsc.gov.tw/
°ê¬ì·|ºë»ö¤¤¤ß
http://www.pidc.gov.tw/
±Ð¨|³¡
http://www.moe.gov.tw/
º~µ¾¯èªÅ¤u·~¤½¥q
http://www.aidc.com.tw/default.htm
¸gÀÙ³¡
http://www.moea.gov.tw/
ª÷Äݤu·~¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß
http://www.tmdia.org.tw/gold.htm
¦U¯Å¾Ç®Õ
http://www.edu.tw/school/
ºë±K¾÷±ñ¬ãµo¤¤¤ß
http://www.pmc.org.tw/
°ê¨¾³¡¤¤¬ì°|
http://www.mnd.gov.tw/division/%7Edefense/mil/mnd/cs/csist.htm
¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|
http://www.sinica.edu.tw/index_c.html
¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç
http://www.ncku.edu.tw/index3.htm
Yahoo
http://www.yahoo.com/
©_¼¯¯¸(¥xÆW¶®ªê)
http://tw.yahoo.com/
¦¨¤j¸g¶O¬d¸ß¨t²Î
http://acc.adm.ncku.edu.tw/
¼Ú·ù¬ì§Þ³ø¾É
http://belgium.nsc.gov.tw/news.htm
°ê¬ì·|¸É§UÁܽаê»Ú¬ì§Þ¤H¤hµu´Á³X°Ý ªº¬ÛÃö¿ìªk
http://www.nsc.gov.tw/int/4_funding/index_08.html
¤j³°¦a°Ï¤å±Ð±M·~¤H¤h¤Î¾Ç¥Í¨Ó»O±q¨Æ¤å±Ð¬¡°Ê¼f¬dnÂI
http://www.edu.tw/mainland/rules/people.html
±Ð¨|³¡¸É§U¿ì²z¨â©¤¾Ç³N±Ð¨|¥æ¬y¬¡°Ê¹ê¬InÂI
http://www.edu.tw/mainland/rules/compelaw.htm
±M¬ì¥H¤W¾Ç®Õ¤Î¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¾÷ºc¸u¹µ¥~°ê±Ð®v»P¬ã¨s¤Hû³\¥i¤ÎºÞ²z¿ìªk
http://www.edu.tw/bicer/c5d.htm
°ê¬ì·|¦³ÃöÁܽгդh«á¬ã¨s¡B®ü¥~±M®a¾ÇªÌ»P¤j³°¾ÇªÌ¤§¬ÛÃö¿ìªk
http://www.nsc.gov.tw/rule.htm
°ê¬ì·|¬ì¾Çµo®i¤ë¥Z
http://www.nsc.gov.tw/sd/
«n°Ï·L©`¦Ì¬ì§ÞÁp·ùºô¯¸
http://140.116.175.156/league/
¤ÓªÅpµe«ÇÄw³Æ³B
http://www.nspo.gov.tw/
°ê¨¾¤u·~µo®i°òª÷·|
http://www.ndidf.org.tw/
·L¨t²Îº[©`¦Ì¬ì§Þ¨ó·|
//www.nma.org.tw/
¸É§U¤j³°±M·~¤H¤h¨Ó¥xÁ¿¾Ç¤Î¬ã¨s§@·~nÂI
http://www.mac.gov.tw/cdfund/essential/pro2.htm
¤¤µØµo®i°òª÷·|¡u¼ú§U¬ã¨s¥Íu¤j³°¦a°Ï¬ã¨s§@·~nÂI¡v¤Î¡u¼ú§U¤j³°¦a°Ï¬ã¨s¥Í¨Ó¥x¬ã¨s
http://www.mac.gov.tw/cdfund/essential/stu1.htm
¸gÀÙ³¡§Þ³N³B¾Ç¬É¬ì±M
http://tdpa.tdp.org.tw/group/application/tdp_tdpa/index.php
¼Ú·ù¤å±ÐÁ`¸p
http://www.netdayseurope.org/
°]¹Îªk¤H¨®½ø¬ã¨s´ú¸Õ¤¤¤ß
http://www.artc.org.tw/
DNA from the Beginning
http://dna.ym.edu.tw/
www.flowerdj.com - 63k - 2007/06/10 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.seasoncity.com.tw - 50k - 2007/06/10 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.flowergift.org.tw - 82k - 2007/06/11 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.miny.com.tw - 31k - 2007/06/10 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.flowers-ordering.com - 15k - 2007/06/11 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.wishflorist.com.tw - 75k - 2007/06/11 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.kissflower.com.tw - 71k - 2007/06/10 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.tftdvip.org.tw - 358k - 2007/05/25 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.giftnethk.com - 11k - 2007/05/25 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
www.twflower.com.tw - 55k - 2007/06/11 - ®w¦s¶± - §ó¦h¦¹¯¸µ²ªG
|¬ù 4,162 ¤§ 1-3 µ§
www.101flower.com.tw
www.flowerok.com.tw
www.gudy.com.tw
www.asia-f.com.tw
flowertree.flowergood.com.tw
www.aliceflower.com.tw
www.sundia.com.tw
www.hy-flower.com.tw
ªá§÷³B²zªºì«h:
¬°¤FÅýªá§÷¹F¨ì§Ö³t°®Àꪺ¥Øªº¡A¥H«O«ùªá§÷¤¤¤j³¡¤Àªº¦â¯À¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·n¹ïªá§÷¥[¥H³B²z¡C³B²zªºì«h¬OÅýªá§÷¤£n¤Ó«p¡AÅýªá§÷»P§lÀãªO±µÄ²ªº±¿n¶V¼s¶V¦n¡A§Y¬On¨Ï§lÀãªO¯à°÷¥R¤À§l¦¬¨ìªá§÷¤¤ªº¤ô¤À¡C
(¤@) ¸»P²ô·F:
A. ²Êªº²ô·F:±qI«á³¡¤Àªº1/2³B¥Î¤M¤ù½Ý¤Á¡A¤Á¤fn¥Î§l¤ô¯ÈÀ¿°®¤ô¤À¡C
B. ²Óªº²ô·F:¦bI«á³¡¤À¡A¨Ï¥Î³Ì¤p¸¹ªº¬â¯È»´»´¦a¿iÀ¿¡AÅý´Óª«²Õ´ªº¤ô¤À¬y¥X¡AµM«á¥Î§l¤ô¯ÈÀ¿«ø¡C
C. «pªº¸¤ù:±N¸Iªº¸¯ß³B¡A¨Ï¥Î³Ì¤p¸¹ªº¬â¯È»´»´¦a¿iÀ¿¡C
D. Á¡ªº¸¤ù:¥iª½±µÀ£»s¡C
(¤G) ªá:
A. «pªºªáä:¦bªá䪺I«á¡A¨Ï¥Î³Ì¤p¸¹ªº¬â¯È»´»´¦a¿iÀ¿¡CÅý´Óª«²Õ´ªº¤ô¤À¬y¥X¡AµM«á¥Î§l¤ô¯ÈÀ¿«ø¡C¨Ò¦p:Äõªá¡C
B. Á¡ªºªáä:¥iª½±µÀ£»s¡CÀ£»sªº¹Lµ{¤¤¥i¦bÀ£ªá¾¹ªº´Ö¯È¤W¶î¤W·Æ¥Û¯»©ÎÐï¤l¯»¡A¥HÁ×§Kªá§÷¤ÓÁ¡ªgÂH¦b´Ö¯È¤W¤£¦n¨ú¤U¡C¨Ò¦p:îÊÂæ¯ó¡BªQ¸¨d¤¦¡B¿ÀÃÉÄõµ¥¡C
C. «Ã¤ªºªá§÷:¥²¶·±Nªáä¤@¤ù¤ùºK¤U¨ÓÀ£»s¡C¨Ò¦p:¨d¤¦¡B¨¢ÃÄ¡Bª´ºÀ¡Bµâªá¡B±d¤DÄɵ¥¡C
D. «pªºªáÁ¢:±qI³¡1/2³B¥[¥H¤Á¶}¡A©Î¬O¥Î°Å¤M°Å¶}¥ç¥i¡CµM«á«õ¥Xªáªº¤l©Ð»Pªá¿¶²Õ´¡A¦A¥Î§l¤ô¯È±N¤Á¤f³BÀ¿°®¡C¨Ò¦p¸¿P¯ó¡Bª´ºÀªá¡Bª÷³½¯óµ¥¡C
E. Á¡ªºªáÁ¢:¥iª½±µÀ£»s¡C
F. ¨ú¥Îªáªº¥¿±¨Ó»s§@À£ªáªá§÷®É:¤Á°£ªá¸°¡A¦ý¬O¤p¤ß¤£n¤ÁÂ÷ªáä¡Aªá¸°«pªº³¡¤ÀnºÉ¥i¯à«õ°£¡A¦A¥Î§l¤ô¯È±N¤Á¤f³BÀ¿°®¡C¨Ò¦p¤Ó¶§ªá¡B¦V¤é¸ªµ¥¡C
G. ¨ú¥Îªáªº°¼±¨Ó»s§@À£ªáªá§÷®É:±Nªá±q°¼±1/2³B¤Á¶}¡AµM«á«õ¥Xªáªº¤l©Ð»Pªá¿¶²Õ´¡AY¬O³B²z«Ã¤ªºªá¥c¡A¶È«O¯d¥~³ò2~3¼hªáä¡A¨ä¾l¾a¶iªá¤ßªºªáä«hn§¹¥þºK°£¡C¨Ò¦pª´ºÀªá¡B®Ü±ðªáµ¥¡C¦³¨Çªá§÷¤Ó¤p©Î¤ÓÁ¡¤£¾A¦X¤Á¥b¨Ó³B²z®É¡A«h»Ý¦bªá¦«°¼±³B¤Á¤@¤p¤f¡A±q¤Á¤f³B±Nªá¿¶»P¤l©ÐºK°£¡A¨Ò¦p¥Û¦Ëªá¡B²`¤sÄåµ¥¡C
ªá§÷ªº¦¬Âä覡:
ªá§÷¨Ì·ÓºØÃþ¥Î´Ö¯È¡B«Å¯È¡B¶l²¼¯È¡B®æ©Ô·s¯È©Î³z©ú¶ì½¦(¥²¶·n¶}¼ÆÓ±Æ®ð¤Õ)¨Ó¦¬ÂáAµM«á©ñ¤J¸Ë¦³°®À꾯©Î§lÀãªOªº®e¾¹·í¤¤¡A°®À꾯©Î§lÀãªO¥²¶·¨Ì·Ó§l·Ãªºµ{«×¨Ó¥[¥HÁÙì¡C¥Î³z©ú¶ì½¦³U¦¬Âêá§÷ªº¦n³B¬O´M§äªá§÷®e©ö¡A¨Ã¥B¶ì½¦³U¨S¦³§lÀ㪺¥\¯à¡A©Ò¥Hªá§÷¬O§_¨ü¼é¤F«Ü®e©ö§P§O¡CY¬O®a¤¤¦³°£Àã½cªº³]³Æ¡Aªø´ÁÀx¦s¦b°£Àã½c¤¤¡A¤]¬O¤£¿ùªº¿ï¾Ü¡C
¦n¯¸±ÀÂË¡G
¼B¦°ìÀ£ªáÃÀ³N§@«~¶°
¤@¡BºØ]¥Í²£
¡@¡@²{¥Nª´ºÀªáºØ]¥Í²£³£¥Î³æ¸`Éç´¡Ác´Þªk¡A©Î±µ´¡Ác´Þªk¥Í²£ºØ]¡C
(¤@)³æ¸`Éç´¡
¡@¡@Éç´¡¿ï¦Û¤G¯Åªº¤ÁªáªK±ø¡A¤Á¨úªK±ø¤W¨ã¦³¹¡º¡ªºµÅªÞªº³æ¸`²ô¬q
¬°´¡ÁJ¡CµÅªÞ¤W¬ù¯d¢¯¡D¢´¥H¤Àªøªº²ô¬q¡AµÅªÞ¤U«h¯d¢±¤½¤Àªøªº²ô¬q
¡CµM«á±N´¡ÁJ°ò³¡ªg¤W¤A»Ä¯»¾¯¡A§Y¥iÉç´¡©ó¼QÃúÉç´¡§É¡C
¡@¡@¼QÃúÉç´¡§É³]¬I¤¤³Ì¥Dnªº³]³Æ¬°¼QÃú±±¨î¾¹¡A±`¥Îªº¦³¤Ñ¥¦¡ªº
±±¨î¶}Ãö¡A©Î©w®É±±¨î¶}Ãö¡C«eªÌ¼QÃúªº¶¡¹jÀH»]´²³t²v¦ÓÅÜ¡A¨Ï¥Î¤W
¸û¬°¤è«K¡C«áªÌ«h¥²¶·ÀH®É¦]¤Ñ®ðÅܤƦӸ׾ã¼QÃú®É¶¡¡C
¡@¡@§Q¥ÎµL¤g¤¶½è©Î©¥´Ö®â°öªº¤èªk¡A¥Ñ©ó®Ú¥ÍªøÀô¹Ò¥i¥H±±¨î¡A¦]¦¹
¤Áªá®â°öª´ºÀªáºØ]¡A¦h¤v¨Ï¥ÎÉç´¡]¡C¦ý¤@¯ë¤g¯Ñ¤§¤Áªá¥Í²£¡A¤´¥H
¶ù±µ]¬°¤Áªá®â°ö¤§ºØ]¡C
(¤G)±µ´¡¨|]
¡@¡@±µ·FÁc´Þªk¡A¨Ì¶ù±µ¤èªkªº¤£¦P¡A¥i¤À¤U¦C´XºØ¡G
¡@¡@¢°¡D¸¡±µ¦¡±µ´¡ªk
¡@¡@¡@¡@±µÁJ©M¯z¤ì³£¬O±a¸¤ùªº³æ¸`¡A±µÁJ«h¥H´¡±µªº¤è¦¡¡A¶ù±µ©ó
¡@¡@¡@¡@¯z¤ìµÅªÞ¤U¡A¥t¤@±¸¡³¡¡C
¡@¡@¢±¡D¦Þ±µ¦¡±µ´¡ªk
¡@¡@¡@¡@¤@¬q¢°¢¯¤½¤Àªøªº¯z¤ì¡A¥ý¥h¸©M«d¥hµÅªÞ«á¡AªK³»¦A¥H¦Þ±µ
¡@¡@¡@¡@ªº¤èªk¡A±µ¤W¤@¬q¨ã¦³¤GӵŪ޻P¸¤ùªº±µÁJ¡C
¡@¡@¢²¡D¾b±µ¦¡±µ´¡ªk
¡@¡@¡@¡@¯z¤ì¬°¤@¬q¸`¶¡¡A±µÁJ¬°±a¸ªº¤@¬q²ô¬q¡A±µ¤f¥H¤H¤u¼A±µ¤è
¡@¡@¡@¡@¦¡¡A©Î¥H¾÷±ñ¥´¦¨¾bª¬¯Ê¤f©Mºg§Î¡AµM«á±µ¦X¡C
¡@¡@¢³¡DªÞ±µ¦¡±µ´¡ªk
¡@¡@¡@¡@¯z¤ì¬°¤@¬q¸`¶¡¡A±µÁJ¬°¤@¥ð¯v¨Ã±a¦³¸¤ù¡A¥H¡§¢â¡¨«¬ªÞ±µ
¡@¡@¡@¡@ªº¤è¦¡¶ù±µ¡C±µ´¡Ác´Þªº¤èªk°£¤F¤ñ³æ¸`Éç´¡Ác´Þ¦h¤@¹D¶ù±µ
¡@¡@¡@¡@¤âÄò¥~¡A©Ò¦³ªº®â°ö³]¬I¤Î³]³Æ¤ÎÉç´¡¤èªk§¹¥þ¬Û¦P¡C
¤G¡B¾ãªK×°Å
¡@¡@¾ãªKװŪº¥Øªº¡A°£¤F¥i¥H±±¨î®è°ª¡A¤è«K©ó¤Áªá¦¬Ã¬ªº¤u§@¥~¡C
§ó·s¥DªK¥Hºû«ù¥¿±`¤Áªá²£¶q¡A¥H¤Î½Õ¸`¤Áªá²£´Á¡A³£¦³¿à©ó°ª¶Wªº×
°Å§Þ³N¡C¤@¯ëװŤu§@¡A¨Ìװťئa¥i¤À¬°´Ó®èªº¾i¦¨¡A§ó·s×°Å¡A¥H
¤Î²£´Á½Õ¸`µ¥¤T¶µ¡C
(¤@)´Ó®èªº¾i¦¨
¡@¡@è®â´Óªº´Ó®è¡AÁö¤´µM·|¶}ªá¡A¦ýªK±øÅÖ²Ó¦Óµuªá¦·¤p¦Óªá伯¤Ö
¡A¤£¾A°µ¬°¤Áªá¡C¦¹®É´Áªº¾ãªKװŤu§@¡A°£¤FÀH®É°Å°£¬\ªK¡B¯fªK¥~
¡A¤]À³ÀH®ÉºKÁ¢¡AÁ×§K´Ó®è®ö¶O¾i¤À¡C¤@ª½¨ì¥Ñ´Ó®è°ò³¡µo¨|²Ê§§ªºªK
±ø¡A¸gºK¤ß¾i¦¨¥DªK«á¡A¦A³vº¥ªº°Å°£³o¦¹ÅÖ²ÓªºªK±ø¡C
(¤G)§ó·s×°Å
¡@¡@ª´ºÀªáÄÝ©óÄé¤ì¡A¥DªK¸g¤Áªá«á¡A¥Íªø¶ÕÀHµÛ®É¶¡º¥°I®z¡A¦]¦¹¨C
¹j¤@¬q´Á¶¡¥²¶·²^¤ï¦Ñªº¥DªK¡A¦P®É°ö¨|·sªº¥DªK¡A¥Hºû«ù¥Íªø¶Õ¡Aºû
«ù´Ó®è²£¶q¡CװŮɡAº¥ý°Å°£¥Íªø¶Õ®zªº¦ÑªK¡A¨C®è´Ó®è«O¯d¢²¡ã¢´
ªK³Ì¦~»´ªº¥DªK¡AµM«á¦b±N¯d¤Uªº¥DªKºIµu¦Ü¢°¢±¢¯¤½¤À°ª¡C¥H«P¶i´Ó
®è°ò³¡ªø¥X·sªº¥DªK¡C
(¤T)²£´Á½Õ¸`
¡@¡@ª´ºÀªá¤Áªáªø«×©M¥ÑװŨì¶}ªá©Ò»Ýªº¤é¼Æ»PװŪº¸`¦ì¦³±K¤Áªº
Ãö«Y¡C§C¸`¦ìµÅªÞ©Òµo¨|ªº¶}ªáªK±ø¸`¼Æ¦h¡AªK±øªø¡A«~¯Å¸û°ª¦ý¥Ñ×
°Å¨ì¶}ªá©Ò»Ýªº¤é¼Æ¸ûªø¡C¬Û¤Ïªº×°Å¸`¦ì¶V°ª¡AµÅªÞ©Òµo¨|ªº¶}ªáªK
±ø¸`¼Æ¤Ö¡BªK±øµu¡A¦ý¥Ñרì¶}ªá©Ò»Ýªº¥Ø¼Æ¸ûµu¡C
¤T¡B¯f®`¨¾ªv
¡@¡@ª´ºÀ¤Áªá³]¬I®â°ö°£¤F¥Õ¯»¯f¥H¥~¡A¨ä¥L¯f®`«Ü®e©ö±±¨î¡C¥Õ¯»¯f
³Ì¦³®Äªº¨¾ªv¤èªk¬Oª`·N¥Ð¶¡½Ã¥Í¡Aª`³q·¡AװŹL±K¤§ªK±ø¡C¨Ã¥B¦b
§N²D¼éÀã¡A§Y¦³Ãú©ÎÅS¤ôªº©u¸`¡A¥HÃľ¯¹w¨¾µo¯f
¡@
¤@¡B
¥Íªø²ß©Ê»PºÞ²z
(¤@)¤gÄ[ªº¿ï¾Ü»P³B²z
¡@¡@©y¿ï¾Ü¤g½è²¨ÃP¡B³q®ð©Ê¤Î±Æ¤ô©Ê¨}¦n¤§¤gÄ[¡A¤gÄ[»ÄÆPȦb6.0¡ã
7. 0 ¤§¶¡¡A±j»Ä©Î±jÆP©Ê¤gÄ[§¡»Ý´Óª«ºØ´Ó«e¥[¥H§ï¨}¡C¬°Á×§K¤gÄ[¶Ç¼½
©Ê¯f®`¤Î®Úµ¥¬°®`¡A³Ì¦n¯à¬I¦æ¤gÄ[®ø¬r¡A¥i¥H¥Î»]®ð®ø¬r©Î¤Æ¾ÇÃľ¯Ât
»]®ø¬rµ¥¤èªk¡A¨Ï®â°ö¤gÄ[¤£§t¯fìµß¡C
(¤G) ºØ²y³B²z¤Î©w´Ó
¡@¡@¥Ø«e¦Ê¦XºØ²y¤j¦h¦Û²üÄõ¶i¤f¡AºØ²y¹B¨Ó®É¤w¥ý¸g¹L§C·Å³B²z¥B¤w¥´
¯}¥ð¯v¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·ª`·N¡A¨ú¨ìºØ²y®Én°¨¤W©w´Ó¥Ð¶¡¡A¤£¥i©ñ¸m¦b°ª·Å¤U
¹L¤[¡A¦Ê¦XºØ´Ó²`«×¬°¨äºØ²y°ª«×ªº2¡ã 3¿¡Aµø®â°ö©u¸`¤ÎºØ²y¤j¤p¦Ó©w¡C
(¤T) ªÎ®Æ¬I¥Î
¡@¡@n¦h¬I¦³¾÷½èªÎ®Æ¡]¦p°ïªÎ¡^¡A¦pªG¬I¥Î¤Æ¾ÇªÎ®Æ¡A«h¨C10¤½¯a¬I
¥Î²¸»Ä»Ï36¤½¤ç¡A¹LÁC»Ä¶t83¤½¤ç¡A´â¤Æ¹[50¤½¤ç¡A¥t¦b®â°ö¹Lµ{¤¤¸É¥R
´á¯À12.5¤½¤ç¡Aªw¦¨·»²G¼åÄé¡C¦Ê¦X»ÝªÎ¶q¨Ã¤£¤j¡A¤×¨ä¤Æ¾ÇªÎ®Æ¤£¥i¬I
¤Ó¦h¡A§_«h¦³µo¥ÍÆQ®`ªº¥i¯à¡A¥B©ö¨Ï´Ó®èÅܸG¡C
(¥|) ¥ú·Ó±ø¥ó
¡@¡@¦Ê¦X®â°ö©Ò»Ý¥ú·Ó±j«×¬ù2500§`Àë¥ú¡A·Å±a¦a°Ï¡A¦b¥V¤Ñ¥ú·Ó¤£¨¬®É
¡A¥i¯à·|µo¥Í¸¨Á¢¸¨ªá²{¶H¡A©Ò¥H»Ýn¿ï¾Ü¸û@§C¥ú«×ªº«~ºØ¨Ó®â°ö¡C
(¤) ·Å«×±ø¥ó
¡@¡@¤@¯ë¦Ê¦X¥Íªøªº³Ì¾A©]·Å¬O10~15¡A¤é·Å25¥H¤U¡C
(¤») ¤ô¤ÀºÞ²z
¡@¡@¦Ê¦X©w´Ó©ó¥Ð¶¡«á¡A¤gÄ[¥²¶·¹ý©³¼åÀã¡A¥H«á¥Íªø´Á¶¡¥un«O«ù¤gÄ[
Àã¼íª¬ºA§Y¥i¡A¥Ñ©ó¦Ê¦XºØ´Ó®É³q±`±Ä¥Î§@²¥®â°ö¡A¨ä®Ú³¡ÄÝ©ó²L®Ú©Ê¡A
¼å¤ô®É©y±Ä¥Î¼QÅxªkµ¹¤ô¡A¤£¥i¥Î·¾Äéªk¡A¥H§K®û¤ô¤Ó¤[¨Ï®Ú³¡¯Ê®ñ¡A²¥
±¤]¤Á§Ò¤ÓÀã¡A¥H§K¤Þ°_²y®Ú»GÄê¡C
(¤C) ³]¥ß¤ä¼µª«
¡@¡@¦³¨Ç¦Ê¦X«~ºØ´Ó®è¸û°ª¡]¦p¡^¡A®e©öË¥ñ§éÂ_¡A©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥ß¬W«OÅ@¡A
¤ñ¸û¬Ù¤u¥i¦æªº¿ìªk¡A«h¦bºØ²y©w´Ó«á¡Aªø¨ì¤@©w°ª«×®É¬[³]®â°öºô¡AÅý
¦Ê¦Xªº²ô¦ÛµMªº±qºô¬}¤¤¬ï¥X¡A¥Ñ©ó¦³ºô÷«OÅ@¡A¦Ê¦X´Ó®è´N¤£·|Ë¥ñ¤F¡C
(¤K) ¦Ê¦Xªá±Ä¦¬¾A´Á
¡@¡@·í¦Ê¦Xªá§Ç¤W³Ì©³¤Uªº³B¤@¦·ªáÂà¦â«á¡A´N¥i¥H±Ä¦¬¡A¤Ó¦±Äªá¦·µo
¨|¤£¦n¡A·|¼vÅT¶}ªá«~½è¡A¤Ó±ß±Äªá¤w¶}©ñ¤£¦n¥]¸Ë¡Aªáä®e©ö¨ü¶Ë¡C
¤G¡B ºØ²y§NÂóB²z
¡@¡@¦Ê¦XÅì²ô¡]¤@¯ëºÙ¬°ºØ²y¡^±¸°_«á¡A¥Î¤â¥h°£³¡¥÷¦Ñ¤Æ»G±ÑµäÁYªº¦Ñ
Åì¤ù¡A©Þ±¼µä¶Àªºªá²ô´ÝÅé¡A®Ú³¡¥þ³¡¥þ³¡°Å°£¡A¤§«á®ûº{1500¿§K¿à±o
¡]¦p»õ¤O¡^¤ô·»²G30¤ÀÄÁ¡A¨ú¥X³±°®«á·Ç³Æ§NÂáC
¡@¡@¬°¤è«K·h¹B¡A¥i¥Î¶ì½¦Äx®Ø°µ§NÂîe¾¹¡A¥ý¦bÄx¤l¸ÌçE¤@¼h¶ì½¦¥¬¡A
¦A¼»¤@¼hªd¬´a¡A¦A©ñ¤@¼h¦Ê¦XºØ²y¡A¦A¼»¤@¼hªd¬´a¡A¦A©ñ¤@¼h¦Ê¦XºØ
²y¡A¦p¦¹©ñ¨ì¾ãÄxº¡«á¡A¶ì½¦¥¬¦A¥]°_¨Ó¡A¤W±¥´¤@¨Ç¤p¬}¥H³z®ð¡A§¹¦¨
¤§«á¥i¥H©ñ¶i§NÂîw¤¤¶JÂÃ
¦Ê¦Xªá¡]¾Ç¦WLilium¡^¬O¦Ê¦X¬ì¦Ê¦XÄݦh¦~¥Í¯ó¥»²y®Ú´Óª«¡Aì²£©ó¤¤°ê¡A¥Dn¤À§G¦b¨È¬wªF³¡¡B¼Ú¬w¡B¥_¬ü¬wµ¥¥_¥b²y·Å±a¦a°Ï¡A¥þ²y¤wµo²{¦³¦Ê¦hÓ«~ºØ¡A¨ä¤¤55ºØ²£©ó¤¤°ê¡Cªñ¦~§ó¦³¤£¤Ö¸g¹L¤H¤uÂø¥æ¦Ó²£¥Íªº·s«~ºØ¡A¦p¡G¨È¬w¦Ê¦X¡BÅe»¦Ê¦X¡B»¤ô¦Ê¦X¡B¤õ¦Ê¦X¡B®V¦Ê¦Xµ¥¡C
²{®É¡A¦Ê¦Xªá¥Dn¥Î¨Ó§@Æ[½à¥Î³~¡A¤×¥H²üÄõ¤Î¤é¥»¿é¥Xªº¤Áªá«~ºØ©~¦h¡C¦Ê¦Xªáªº²y®Ú§tÂ×´I¾ý¯»½è¡A³¡¥÷§ó¥i§@¬°½µæ¹¥Î¡F¦b¤¤°ê¡A¦Ê¦Xªº²y®ÚÅΰ®«á§ó¥i¥Î¨ÓµN´ö¡C
¦Ê¦Xªá¥DnªºÁc´Þ¤èªk¦³¡G
¦Ê¦Xªá¤S¦W±j£¡Bµf´¡B¤s¤¦¡BË¥P¡A¥ç¯À¦³¡u¶³»n¥P¤l¡v¤§ºÙ¡C¥Ñ©ó¨ä¥~ªí°ª¶®¯Â¼ä¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¥H¦Ê¦Xªá¬°º¿§Q¨Èªº¶H¼x¡A¦Ó±Ð§Ê¡Bªk°ê¥H¦Ê¦Xªá¬°°êªá¡C
¦Ê¦XªººØÀY¥ÑÅì¤ù©ê¦X¦Ó¦¨¡A¨ú¡u¦Ê¦~¦n¦X¡v¡u¦Ê¨Æ¦X·N¡v¤§·N¡A¤¤°ê¦Û¥jµø¬°±B§¥²¤£¥i¤Öªº¦N²»ªá¥c¡C
¡@
ª´ºÀ¡]Rosa rugosa¡^¡AÁ¥Á¨¬ìÁ¥Á¨ÄÝÄé¤ì¡C§@¬°¹A§@ª«¡A¨äªá¦·¥Dn¥Î©ó´£·Ò»ºëª´ºÀªo¡A¬O«O¥[§Q¨Èªº«n²£«~¡Aª´ºÀªon¤ñµ¥«¶q¶Àª÷»ùȰª¡A¥Î©ó¤Æ§©«~¡B¹«~¡Bºë²Ó¤Æ¤uµ¥¤u·~À³¥Î¡C¡uª´ºÀ¡v³oÓµü¦b±dº³¦r¨å¤¤«üªº¬O¡u±m¦â¥ÛÀY¡v¡A¤×¨ä¬O¬õ¦â¥ÛÀY¡C±q°ê¥~è¿é¤J¬õ¦âª´ºÀªo®É¡A¤¤°ê¤H¤£ª¾¨ä©Ò¥Ñ¨Ó¡A¥H¬°¬O¥Ûªoªº¤@ºØ¡F©Ò¥Hº~»y»~ºÙ¬°¡uª´ºÀªo¡v¡A«á¨Ó¤S¥Ñ¦¹»~ºÙ¨äªá¬°¡uª´ºÀ¡v¡A¨Ã¬y¦æ¶}¨Ó¡C
¤sªF¥³±ªºª´ºÀ®â°ö¾ú¥v±y¤[¡A©Ò²£ªºª´ºÀÂæ¡Bª´ºÀªoµ¥¬ÛÃö²£«~¨É¦³²±¦W¡C
ª´ºÀ¡B¤ë©u©MÁ¥Á¨¨ä¹ê³£¬OÁ¥Á¨ÄÝ´Óª«¡A¤§¶¡¥u¦³ºØÃþ¤Wªº°Ï§O¦Ó¨S¦³¬ìÄݤWªº®t²§¡C¦bº~»y¤¤¤H̲ߺD§âªá¦·ª½®|¤j¡B³æ¥Íªº«~ºØºÙ¬°ª´ºÀ©Î¤ë©u¡A¤p¦·ÂO¥ÍªººÙ¬°Á¥Á¨¡C¦ý¦b^»y¤¤¥¦Ì§¡ºÙ¬°rose¡C
ª´ºÀ¨Ì¥Ø«e¥¿¦¡µn°Oªº«~ºØ¡A¤j¬ù¦³¤T¸U¥ª¥k¡C
¥Ø¿ý[隐ÂÃ] |
¡@
ª´ºÀªø¤[¥H¨Ó´N¶H¼xµÛ¬üÄR©M·R±¡¡C¥j§ÆÃ¾©M¥jù°¨¥Á±Ú¥Îª´ºÀ¶H¼x¥L̪º·R¯«ªüªÜù¨f¸¦¡]Aphrodite¡^¡Bºû¯Ç´µ¡]Venus¡^¡C
ª´ºÀ¦b§ÆÃ¾¯«¸Ü¤¤¬O©z´µ©Ò³Ð³yªº³Ç§@¡A¥Î¨Ó¦V½Ñ¯«¸ØÄ£¦Û¤vªº¯à¤O¡C
^°ê¦³¦WªºÄõ¶}´µ¯S®a±Ú¡]House of Lancaster¡^»P¬ù§J®a±Ú¡]House of York¡^¤§¶¡ªºª´ºÀ¾Ôª§¡]Wars of the Roses¡A1455¦~¡X1485¦~¡^¡A¤]¬O¦U¥H¬õ¡B¥Õª´ºÀ¦U¬°¶H¼x¡C³Ì«á¥H¦ë§Q¤C¥@¡]Henry VII¡^»P¬ù§Jªº¥ì²ú²ï¥Õ¡]Elizabeth of York¡^³q±B¦¬³õ¡A¬°¤F¬ö©À^®æÄõ¥Hª´ºÀ¬°°êªá¡A¨Ã§â¬Ó«ÇÀ²³¹§ï¬°¬õ¥Õª´ºÀ¡C
¡@
·R±¡¡A§A¬O§Úªº¥þ³¡
§Ú´L·q§A(¥Õ)¡A§Ò§ª¡B¼ö±¡¤w³u(¶À)¡A
¡@
¼Ú¬w©M¤¤°ê¿ñ¹ç¡Bªe¥_¡B¤sªF¡A¤Î¥_«D¡B¾¥¦èô¡B¦L«×µ¥¬Ò¦³¤À§G¡C
¡@
¡@
¡@
Ác´Þ¤èªk¦³ºØ¤l¹ê¥Í¡B¶ù±µ¡B°ªÀ£¡B¥À®è¤À®è¸ò´¡ªK¡A¤@¯ë¥H´¡ªK³Ì¬°«K§Q¡A´¡ªK¦]¦b¬î¥½¥Vªì¶i¦æ¡A¿ï¾Ü°·§§¹¡º¡¦³¤T¦Ü¥|ªÞÂIªºªK±ø¡]5~7cm¡^¡A¥u¯d¤T¦Ü¥|¤ù¸¤l¡A±NªK±ø±×´¡¶i²¨ÃPÀã¼íªº¤¶½è¤¤¡A«O«ù18¦Ü25¢J¡AÀã«×80¦Ü90%¥ª¥k¡A¦³¥ú½u¦ý¤£ª½®g¡A¬ù¤@Ó¤ë«á¥i¥Í®Ú¡C
¡@
¯f®`¡G¶ÂÂI¯f¡A¥Õ¯»¯f¡B¬\ªK¯f¡Bùׯf¡C
Âή`¡G¤òÂΡB¬õ»jµï¡B°HÂΡB±²¸¸Á¡Bªª¯óÂΡB¤Ñ¤û¡C
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
Û´°,LONDON,ªü©i´µ¯S¤¦,AMSTERDAM,¶®¨å,ATHENS,¤Ú¶ë¶©¯Ç, BARCELONA,¤ñÂÄ,BELFAST,°¨¼w¨½,MADRID,¨©º¸®æ¨Ó±o,BELGRADE,¦è¯Z¤ú,SPAIN,°Ò¹ý´µ¯S,MANCHESTER,¬fªL,BERLIN,²ö´µ¬ì,MOSCOW, ªi©ù,BONN,¹õ¥§¶Â,MUNICH,¦ÌÄõ,MILAN,¥¬¾|¶ëº¸,BRUSSELS, ¥¬¥[°Ç´µ,BUCHAREST,¥¬¹F¨Ø´µ,BUDAPEST,¥d¦a¤Ò,CARDIFF,·s³ù,NEW CASTLE,¬ì¶©,COLOGNE,¥§´µ,NICE,ô¥»«¢®Ú,COPENHA,®¿§Q¨ä, NORWICH,³£§BªL,DUBLIN,¶ø´µ³°,OSLO,§ù¶ë¹D¤Ò,DUSSDOLF,¤Ú¾¤,PARIS,·R¤B³ù,EDINBURGH,ªkÄõ§JºÖ,FRANKFURT,¤é¤º¥Ë,GENEVA,¥¬©Ô®æ,PRAGUE,ª½¥¬Ã¹ªû,GIBRALTAR,ù°¨,ROME,®æ©Ô´µô,GLASGOW,¦Â¶©, SHANNON,º~³ù,HAMBERG,º~¿Õ«Â,HANOVER,¯Á«D¨È,SOFIA,»®º¸¨¯°ò, HELSINKI,§Jù®J¦è¨È,SPLIT,¥ì´µ©Z³ù,ISTANBUL,´µ¼wôº¸¼¯,STOCKHOLM, ªiÄõ,POLAND,´µ¹Ï¥[¯S,STUTTGART,¨½¯÷,LEEDS,¨½´µ¥»,LISBON,«Â¥§´µ, VENICE,ºû¤]¯Ç,VIENNA,µØ¯½,WARSAW,§Jù®J¦è¨È,ZAGREB,Ĭ¾¤¥@,ZURICH,¶®¨å,ATHENS,«Â¥§´µ,VENICE,¶}ù,CAIRO,¤Ú°Ç¼¯,PALERMO,C¸ô¼»§N,JERUSALEM,
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@ |
---|
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
§ùÃYªá²ºÙ§ùÃY¡A¬°§ùÃYªá¬ì§ùÃYªáÄÝ´Óª«¡A¬O¤¤°ê¤Q¤j¦Wªá¤§¤@¡C¥þ¥@¬É¦³850¦hºØ¡A¥Dn¤À§G©ó¨È¬w¡B¼Ú¬w©M¥_¬ü¬w¡A¦b¤¤°ê¹Ò¤º¦³530§EºØ,¦ýºØ¶¡ªº¯S¼x®t§O«Ü¤j¡Cªá³»¥Í¡Aªá¼Æ¤£¤@¡A®Öªá°©¦·ÃC¦âÂ×´I¦h±m¡C§ùÃYªá³q±`¬°5äªáä,¦b¤¤¶¡ªºªáä¤W¦³¤@¨Ç¤ñªá䲤¬õªº¬õÂI¡C§ùÃYªáªº¥Í©R¤O¶W±j¡A¬J@°®§ò¤S¯à©è§Ü¼é·Ã¡AµL½×¬O¤j¤Ó¶§©Î¾ð½®¤U¥¦³£¯à¾AÀ³¡C®Ú²L¡A¤À§G¼s¡A¯à©T©w¦bªí¼hªd¤g¤W¡C³Ì¼F®`ªº¬O¥¦¤£©È³£¥«¦Ã¿BªºªÅ®ð¡A¦]¬°¥¦ªøº¡¤Fµ³¤òªº¸¤ù¡A¬J¯à½Õ¸`¤ô¤À¡A¤S¯à§l¦í¦Ç¹Ð¡A³Ì¾A¦XºØ¦b¤H¦h¨®¦hªÅ®ð¦Ã¿Bªº¤j³£¥«¡A¥i¥Hµo´§²MÀRªÅ®ðªº¥\¯à¡C³q±`¦b¬K¡B¬î¨â©u¶}ªá¡C
¥Ø¿ý[隐ÂÃ] |
¡@
³ßÅw²¨ÃPªº·L»Äªº¤gÄ[¡A¤£À³¸Ó¼åµw«×¸û¤jªº¤ô¡C¥Íªø©u¡]¬K¡B¬î¡^À³¸Ó¦h¬I²HªÎ¡C¤ñ¸û@´H¡C®ð·Å¸û§C¦a°Ï¥i©ñ¦b«Ç¤º¹L¥V¡C³ßÅw³±²D¡BÀã¼íªºÀô¹Ò¡CÀ³Á×§K±j¯Pªº¤é¥ú·Ó®g¡A«OÄÀªÅ®ðÀã¼í¡A«OÃÒ¤ôªº¥R¨¬¨ÑÀ³¡C
¥Dn¦³¼½ºØ¡BÉç´¡©M¶ù±µµ¥Ác´Þ¤è¦¡¡C¤£¦P«~ºØ¨ãÅé¾Þ§@¤£¦P¡C
¡@
¥xÆW¥H¥_³¡¬°¥Dn§ùÃYªáºØ´Ó°Ï°ì¡A¬O¥x¥_¥«ªº¥«ªá¡A¥Dn¬°¥¤á§ùÃY¡B¯o¤ë§ùÃY¡B¦è¬v§ùÃYµ¥«~ºØ[1]¡C¥Ø«e©yÄõµ¥¿¤¥«¤]¼s´Ó§ùÃYªá¡C
¥xÆWì¥Í§ùÃY¤è±¡A¦³75%¬°¥xÆW¯S¦³ºØ¡C¨ä¤¤¦b¥x¥_¿¤¯Q¨Ó¶m¥_¶Õ·Ë¤@±aªø¦³ì¥ÍºØ§ùÃY¡X¡X¯Q¨Ó§ùÃY(Rhododendron kanehirai Wilson)¡A´Ó®è»Pªá«a³£¸û¥¤á§ùÃY¬°¤p¡CµM¦Ó¦]»B»A¤ô®w¿³«Ø¦Ó±N´Ï®§¦a²T¨S¡A³¥¥~ì¥Í´Ó®è¦ü¤wµ´¸ñ¡C²{¦b¶È³Ñ®â°ö´Ó®è¡F·í«e¦³´_¨|pµe[2][3]¡A±ý©ó¥_¶Õ·Ë¤W´å«·s®â´Ó¯Q¨Ó§ùÃY¡C
¡@
¥¤á§ùÃY¦b¤é¥»´Þ¥Á®É´Á¥Ñ¤é¥»¤H¤Þ¤J¡A¼s´Ó©ó¥xÆW¤j¾Ç®Õ¶é¡A¨Ï±o»O¤j¦³¡u§ùÃYªá«°¡vªº¬üºÙ¡C¥Dn«~ºØ¥]¬A¤F¥Õ¯[²y§ùÃY¡B¯»¥Õ§ùÃY¡B¤j¬õ§ùÃY»PÆAµµ§ùÃY¼ÆºØ¡C¨C¦~¤G¤ë©³¨ì¥|¤ëªì§ùÃYªá²±¶}¡A¦Ó¦b¤T¤ë¤¤¦¯É͵µ²j¬õ¤§®É·|Á|¿ì§ùÃYªá¸`¡A¥Dn¬O°w¹ï°ª¤¤¾Ç¥Í©Ò¶i¦æªº¨t©Ò»PªÀ¹Î®iÄý¡C
»O¤j®¶¿³¯ó©W®ÇªºÆAµµ§ùÃY
¡@
¡@
¦ì©óªÚ§øªº¼s¦{ªá¥c¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡]¤SºÙ¼s¦{¥«ªá¥c¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡^¡A«Ø©ó 1985¦~¡A¥e¦a5.3¤½³¼¡AÁÙ¦³¥e¦a20¤½³¼ªº¼s¦{Àu½èªá¥c¥Ü½d°ò¦a¡]ªá³£¡^©M3.3¤½³¼ªº¼s¦{·Å±aªá¥c¨|]¥Í²£°ò¦a¡]±q¤Æ¡^¡C¤¤¤ß¶}®iªº¥Dn·~°È¦³¡Gªá¥cºØ¤lºØ]¡B¦¨«~¥Í²£¡B¶i¥X¤f¶T©ö¡B¸ê§÷¨ÑÀ³¡B§Þ³N°ö°V¡B¶éªLºñ¤Æ¡B§Þ¯àų©wµ¥¡C2001-2004¦~³sÄò4¦~¥Í²£¸gÀç©M§Þ³NªA°È¦~Á`¦¬¤J±µªñ3000 ¸U¤¸¡C
¡@¡@¤¤¤ß¥ý«á¨ú±o¼s¦{¥«¬ì§Þ¶i¨B¼úµ¥25¶µ¬ì¬ã¦¨ªG¡A¬ì§Þ¦¨ªG¶}µo²Öp¦¬¤J¹F2500¦h¸U¤¸¡A¬ì§Þ¦¨ªGÂà¤Æ²v¹F90%¥H¤W¡C
¡@¡@¤¤¤ß¹ï¬õ´xÃþ¡B»ñ±ùÃþ¡B«D¬wµâÃþ¡BÄõªáÃþ¡BÆ[¸´Óª«Ãþ¦@100 ¦hÓªá¥c«~ºØ¶i¦æ²Õ°ö§ÖÁc»P¥Þ½L¨|]§Þ³N¬ã¨s¡A¨ú±o¤F¦h¶µ¬ì¬ã¦¨ªG¡A´x´¤¤F¨äºØ]§ÖÁc¥Í²£§Þ³N¡A¨C¦~¦³50¦hÓ«~ºØ700¦h¸U®èÀu½èªá¥cºØ]¨ÑÀ³¼s¦{¦a°Ïªá¹A¡A¥H¦Ü¥þ°ê¦U¦a¡A¨Ã¥X¤f¨ìªF«n¨È¡A¦³®Ä¦a±a°Ê¤F¼s¦{ªá¥c²£·~ªºµo®i¡C
¡@¡@¦ì©óªá³£°Ï§Á¤s§øªº¼s¦{Àu½èªá¥c¥Ü½d°ò¦a¬O1996¦~©³«Ø³]¡A¥e¦a±¿n20¤½³¼¡A«Ø¦³²{¥N¤Æ¥Í²£·Å«Ç8.2¤½³¼¡C¥Ø«e¡A¦~¥Í²£¶q¹F100¸U¬Ö°ªÀɬ֪á¡A¦~¦¨«~¤W¥«¶q¹F50¸U¬Ö¡C2004¦~¸gÀ禬¤J850¸U¤¸¡A¹ê²{§Q¼í200¸U¤¸¡A¥§¡¯a²£È3.6¸U¤¸¡C¤Þ¾É¥»¥«ªñ10®aªá¥c¥ø·~¶}®i°ªÀɬ֪᪺¥Í²£¡A¦~¥Í²£¶q¹F300¦h¸U¬Ö¡A²£È±µªñ1»õ¤¸¡C
¡@¡@°ò¦a¥Í²£ªº¼sªáµP¬õ´x¡B¤s®ü±a³Qµû¬°"¤¤°ê°ê»Ú¹A·~³ÕÄý·|¦WµP²£«~"¡A2002¦~³Qµû¬°"¼s¦{¥«¦WÀu¹A²£«~"¡A³sÄò¦h¦~Àò±o¼s¦{¥«¦~ªá¤ýºÙ¸¹¡F2003¦~°ò¦a¥Í²£ªº¼sªáµP°ö¾i¤g¤]³Qµû¬°"¼s¦{¥«¦WÀu¹A²£«~"¡C¥»°ò¦a2002¦~³Q¬Ù§Þ³NºÊ·þ§½¯Ç¤J"¼sªF¬Ùªá¥c¼Ð·Ç¤Æ¥Ü½d°Ï¥Ü½d°ò¦a"¡C2004¦~³Q¼s¦{¥«©²µû¬°"¹A·~ÀsÀY¥ø·~"¡C
¡@¡@¤¤¤ß¥D¿ìªº"¼s¦{ªá¥c¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¾·~§Þ¯à°ö°V¤¤¤ß"ªº°ö°V©Mų©w¾¯à¡A¥þ¦~¦@°ö°V¤H¼Æ648¤H¡Bų©w¤H¼Æ661¤H¡A¸û¦n¬°§Ú¥«¹A¥Á©M¤U±^¤u¤H¦A´N·~´£¨Ñ§Þ¯à«O»Ù¡C
ªÀ·|ªº¶}©ñ¡A¸gÀÙµo®i¡A¡§¬v¸`¤é¡¨¿³°_¬O¥²µMªºµ²ªG¡A¦Y¹¡¨{¥Öªº¤¤°ê¤H¡A¤w¤£º¡¨¬©óª«½è¤å©úµ¹§Ú̱a¨Óªº¨É¨ü¡Cºë¯«¤å©ú¦bª«½è¤å©úªº°ò¦¤W°l¨D«~¨ý¤H¥Í¡A¤w¦¨¬°³oӮɥNªº®É©|¸`©ç¡A¸ò¤W®É¥N¸`©çÅý§A¤H¥Íªº¹Ú·Q´¡¤W¾÷·|ªº¯Í»H¡A§â´¤¾÷·|¾Ö¦³©ú¤Ñ¡C
¡@¡@³q¹L¤¶²Ð¦p¦ó¶}ÓÂAªá§å¹s©±¡A°£¤F¯àÅý§A¹ïÂAªá¦æ·~ªº¸gÀ籡ªp¦³¤@¨ÇÁA¸Ñ¤§¥~¡A§ó«nªº¬OÅý§A¹ï³oºØ§ë¸ê§Î¦¡²z¸Ñ±o§ó²`¤J¤@¨Ç¡A¦pªGŪ§¹³o½g¤å³¹¡A§A¯à°÷«éµM®©¥X¡Gì¨Ó¶}ÂAªá§å¹s©±´N¬O³o»ò³o´XÓÀô¸`§r¡I¨º»ò¡A§Ṳ́]·P¨ìªY¼¢¤F¡I
¡@¡@¶}ÂAªá§å¹s©±³Ìªìªº§ë¸ê¥Dn¥]¬A¡G©±±¯²ª÷¡B¸ËשM¶i³f¸êª÷¤TÓ³¡¥÷¡C§ë¸ê³W¼Òµø¶}©±®É¶¡¤Î©±±¯²ª÷¦Ó©w¡A³W¼Ò¤jÂIªº¤]´N¤@¨â¸U¤¸¡A³W¼Ò¤p¤@ÂIªº¥|¤¤d¤§Y¥i¡A¶}©±ªº§Þ¥©¥Dn¥]¬A¼ô±x¦æ±¡¡A¿ï¾Ü¦a¬q¡A©±±§G¸m¡A¸gÀ給²¤¡A´¡ªáÃÀ³N´x´¤¡A§ë¸ê·ÀIµ¥µ¥¡C¤Àz¦p¤U¡G
¡@¡@¤@¡B§Þ³N´x´¤¡C¨S¦³±µÄ²¹LÂAªáªº¤H¡A¦´NÅ¥»¡´¡ªá¬OªùÃÀ³N¡A¦Ó§@¬°¥Í¬¡Â§»ö¥Îªá¡A§ÚÌ¥un¼µ´¤¤@ÂI¥]¡B´¡ªá§Þ³N´N¦æ¤F¡Cº¥ýnÁA¸Ñªá»y¡A¤°»òªá°e¤°»ò¤H¡A¤°»ò³õ¦X¾A¦X¥Î¤°»òªá¡A¶}·~ªáÄx¡Aªá¨®ªº»s§@¡A«Ü²³æ¤@¥»¤¶²Ð´¡ªá¥Î®Ñ«K¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡C¼ô¯à¥Í¥©¡A¤@Ó¦h¤ë«K¤°»ò³£¦æ¤F¡A¬°¤F¤è«K¦U¦ìªB¤Í¸Ñ¨M§Þ³N°ÝÃD¡A©ø©úªá¥cºô¥i¬°±z¥N¿ì®ÑÄy¶lÁÊ·~°È¡A¤@®M¦@¤»¥U¡A¨C¥»¢²¢³¡D¢·¤¸¡A®Ñ´Ú¦@p¤H¥Á¹ô208.8¢¯¤¸¡A¯S§Ö±M»¼¶l¸ê¦@p50.00¤¸¡C
¡@¡@¤G¡B©±§}¡C³o¬O§ÚÌ«ØÄ³§A¶}§å¹s©±ªºÃö°·¡C¦]¬°¹s°â§Q¼í¦bªá¥c·~¤¤¥i¹F50%¡X80%¡A¹s°â§Q¼í¨¬¥Hº¡¨¬¤@¤ëªº©Ð¯²¤ô¹q¡Bû¤u¤u¸ê¡Bµ|¦¬¶}¤äµ¥¡C±q³oÓ¨¤«×¦Ò¼{¡A©±§}¦bÂå°|¡B°s©±¡B¼v¼Ó©Î®T¼Ö«°®Ç¡A¥iÁ×§K6¡X9¤ë²H©u¹ï¾ãÓ·~ÁZªº¼vÅT¡A¤G¬O±qÂX®i§å¹s·~ÁZªº´£°ª¦Ò¼{¡A¦]¬°§åµo§Q¼í¤j·§¦b10%¡X30%
¤§¶¡¡A¥i±N©±§}¿ï¾Ü¦bªá¥c¥«³õ§åµo¤@±øµó¡A©Îªá©±¤ñ¸û¶°¤¤ªºµó°Ï¡C¦b9¤ë¦Ü²Ä¤G¦~5¤ëªº©ô©u¡A©Ò¦³ªºªá©±¡A¶RªáªÌ³£¬O§Aªº«È¤á¡A¥Ñ©óÅU«ÈÁʪ«ªº±q²³¤ß²z¡A§åµo³f¶q¤j¡A»ù®æ«K©y¡A§A·|ª§¨ú¨ì³\¦h§O¤H±o¤£¨ìªº¥Í·N¡C¦P®É¡A§Oªºªá©±¤]¬O§Aªº§åµo«È¤á¡C
¡@¡@¤T¡B¸ËסCªá©±ªº¸Ë×¥DnÅé²{¦b¡§ªá¹ÎÀA±Ú¡¨³oÓµü¡An¹F¨ì³oӥتº¡A¥u»Ý¤@Ó¿ìªk¡A¨º«K¦h¸Ë¦³¤Ï®g¥\¯àªº¬Á¼þ¡A³o¼Ë©±±ªÅ¶¡Åã±o¤j¤F¡A¤@ªKªáÅܨâªKªá¡A¤@§ôªá¤]Åܬ°¨â§ôªá¤F¡A·íµM¬°¤FÅé²{ªáªºÆvÄR¡A¿O¥ú¦â±m¤]«Ü«n¡A«ØÄ³¥i¾A·í¿ï¾Ü¯»¬õ¦â¿OºÞÂIºó¡A¥t¥~§@¬°§å¹s©±¡C¥i¦Ò¼{©±±«e®x¾A·í¸Ë׫á¡A«á®x§@Ü®w¥Î¡A¥H´î¤p¸Ë×¶O¥Î¡A¬Á¼þªù¤]¤Ö¤£¤F¡A³o¼Ë¤@§@¼s§i®Ä¯q¡A¤G¹ïÂAªá¤]¬O¤@ºØ«OÅ@¡C¥H¬Á¼þ¬°§÷®Æªº¸ËסA¶O¥Î§C®ÄªG¦n¡C
¡@¡@¥|¡B¶i³f¡C¶i³f´ë¹D¬O§å¹s©±ªºÃö°·¡A¦]¬°ÂAªáªº½è¶q©M»ù¦ì¡A¬O§Aűo¥«³õªºªkÄ_¡A§ä¨ì¦Û²£¦Û¾Pªº³f·½¡A¥i¨Ï§Aªº§Q¼íªÅ¶¡³Ì¤j±o¨ì«OÃÒ¡A§@¬°§ÚÌ©ø©úªá¥cºô¡C¦a³B¥þ°ê³Ì¤jªºªá¥c¥«³õ©ø©ú¥«°««nÂí¡A¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªº¥Í²£°ò¦a¡A¨«»ù®æ+½è¶q+ªA°Èªº«~µP¾Ô²¤¡A¥H³W½dªº¦X¦P¾Þ§@¡A©ú½TÂù¤èªº³d¡BÅv¡B§Q¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥HÁ`¥N²z©Îª½¾P©±ªº§Î¦¡½T«O§Aªº§Q¯q¡C©ø©úªá¥cºô¥H¡§«HÅA¬°ì«h¡A¥H½è¶q¨ú³Ó¡¨¡C§@¬°¦Û²£¦Û¾P¡A¥N¿ì¯èªÅ¡BÅK¸ô¦«¹Bªº¥ø·~¡A§Ú̬°§A§â¦n³f·½²Ä¤@Ãö¡C¤U±´N¬Ý§A¦Û¤vªº¸gÀç¤F¡C
¡@¡@¤¡B¸gÀ給²¤¡C¤¤°ê§ï²¤w¸g20Ó¦~ÀY¡Aþ¨½³£¨S¦³ªÅ¥Õ¥«³õµ¥§A¶}µo¡Aþ¤@¦æ³£¦³¤H°µ¡AÃöÁä¬Ý§A«ç»ò°µ¡A«HÅA¬OÃö°·¡A¤@¾aªá¥c½è¶q»ù®æ¤ñ¡A¤G¾aªA°È½è¶q¡A§å¹s©±¦pªGªá¥c½è¶q»ù®æ¥Ñ¨ÑÀ³°Ó§âÃöªº¸Ü¡A§@¬°©±¥D¥Dn¾aªA°È½è¶q¡C¤£¦p¥ý§@¤@Ó§K¶O°e³f¤Wªùªº©Ó¿Õ¡AµL½×¹ï©ó§åµo°ÓÁÙ¬O¹s°â°Ó¡A¦¹¶µ°â«eªA°È¡A·|¬°§A«Ø¥ß¤@Ó³vº¥¡BÂX¤jªº«HÅAÅé¨t«È¤á¸sÅé¡C¤G¬OÁ×§K¦u®è«Ý¨ß¡A§¤¥H«ÝÀÅ¡AµL½×þÓ«°¥«¡A¬P¯Å¶º©±ªºÂAªá§G¸m¡A³£¬O¤@ӫܦnªº·~°È¡A3¡X5¤Ñ§ó´«¤@´Á¡A¶O¥Î¤Ö«h´X¦Ê¡A¦h«h´X¤d¤¸¡A§ó¦óªp°s©±ªº±B®b¡A·|ij¡A¥Í¤é®b¤S«Ü¦h¡AµL§Î±a¨Ó³\¦h¥Í·N¡A¼v¼Ó¡A°s§a¡Aºq»RÆU¤]¬O§A¶}©Ý·~°Èªº¥«³õ¡A»P¹q»O¦X§@¡A²Ö¿nªðÁÙ¾P°â¡A³£¬O§A¦û»â¥«³õªºªkÄ_¡A¦b¦¹¤£¸Ô½Í¡C¦p»Ýn¥i¹q¸Ü¿Ô¸ß¡A§Ú̱N§K¶O¶Ç¸g°eÄ_¡C
ðÛu»Z[¼CÄõ]
1¡@½d³ò
¥»¼Ð·Ç³W©w¤FðÛu»Z¡]Gladiolus hybridus hort¡^¤Áªá°Ó«~½è¶q¤À¯Å¡BÀËÅç³W«h¡B¥]¸Ë¡B¹B¿é©M¶JÂç޳Nn¨D¡C
¡@¡@¥»¼Ð·Ç¥i§@¬°ðÛu»Z¤Áªá¥Í²£¡B§åµo¡B¹B¿é¡B¶JÂáB¾P°âµ¥¦UÓÀô¸`ªº½è¶q§âÃö°ò·Ç©M°Ó«~¥æ©ö°ò·Ç¡C
2¡@©w¸q
2¡D1¡@¤Áªá ¡@¡@³q±`¬O«ü¥]¬Aªá¦·¦b¤ºªº´Óª«Å骺¤@³¡¤À¡A¥Î©ó´¡ªá©Î»s§@ªá§ô¡BªáÄx¡Bªá°éµ¥ªá¥c¸Ë¹¢¡C
2¡D2¡@¾ãÅé·P ¡@¡@ªá¦·¡B²ôµz©M¸¤ùªº¾ãÅé·PÆ[¡A¥]¬A¬O§_§¹¾ã¡B§¡¤Ã¤Î·sÂAµ{«×¡C
¡@¡@ðÛu»Zªá²ô¤@¯ë¤£¤ÀªK¡A¸¼C§Î¡A¦bªá²ô°ò³¡§e¨â¦C©ê²ô¤¬¥Í¡A¦³ªá12¡ã24¦·¡A³q±`±Æ¦C¦¨¨â¦æ¡A°¼¦V¤@Ãä¡A¤Ö¼Æ«~ºØ¥|¦VµÛªá¡C¤pªá¦Û¤U¦Ó¤W¥ý«á¶}©ñ¡C
2¡D3¡@ªá§Î ¡@¡@¥]¬Aªá«¬¯S¼x©Mªá¦·§Îª¬¨â¼h§t¸q¡C
2¡D4¡@ðÛu»Zc¤ù ¡@¡@ðÛu»Zªá§Ç¤Wªº¨C¦·¥®¦~¤pªá¥~ªººñ¦â¥]³Q¡Aªá¦·¶}©ñ«eªáä¦ù¥Xc¤ù¡AÅã²{ªá¦â¡AÀH«á¦ùªø¨Ã¶} ©ñ¡C
2¡D5¡@ÃÄ®` ¡@¡@¥Ñ©ó¬I¥ÎÃĪ«¹ïªá¦·¡B¸¤ù©M²ôµz³y¦¨ªº¦Ã¬V©Î¶Ë®`¡C¨Ò¦pªÅ®ð¤¤¬t®`¨Ï¸Ã並y²£¥Í½Å´³¡C
2¡D6¡@¾÷±ñ·l¶Ë ¡@¡@¥Ñ©ó²Ê©ñ¾Þ§@©Î¥Ñ©ó¶J¹B¤¤ªºÀ½À£¡B®¶°Êµ¥³y¦¨ªºª«²z¶Ë®`¡C
2¡D7¡@ªö¤Á´Á ¡@¡@±N¤Áªá±q¥ÀÅé¤Wªö¤Á¤U¨Óªº¤é´Á¡C
2¡D8¡@«OÂA¾¯ ¡@¡@¥Î©ó½Õ¸`¶}ªá©M°I¦Ñ¶iµ{¡A´î¤Ö¬y³q·l¯Ó¡A©µªø²~´¡¹Ø©Rªº¤Æ¾ÇÃľ¯¡C
3¡@½è¶q¤À¯Å(¥|¯Å)
1ªáªKªº¾ãÅé·P¾ãÅé·P¡B·sÂAµ{«×·¥¦n¾ãÅé·P¦n¡A·sÂAµ{«×¦n¤@¯ë¡A·sÂAµ{«×¦n¾ãÅé·P¡B·sÂAµ{«×¤@¯ë
2¤pªá¼Æ¤pªá20¦·¥H¤W¤pªá16¦·¥H¤W¤pªá14¦·¥H¤W¤pªá12¦·¥H¤W
3ªá§Î①ªá§Î§¹¾ãÀu¬ü
②°ò³¡²Ä¤@¦·ªá®|12cm¥H¤W①ªá§Î§¹¾ã
②°ò³¡²Ä¤@¦·ªá®|10cm¥H¤W①²¤¦³·l¶Ë
②°ò³¡²Ä¤@¦·ªá®|8cm¥H¤W①²¤¦³·l¶Ë
②°ò³¡²Ä¤@¦·ªá®|6cm¥H¤W
4ªá¦âÂAÆv¡A¯Â¥¿¡A±a¦³¥ú¿AÂAÆv¡AµL¿Æ¦â¤@¯ë¡A»´·L¿Æ¦â¤@¯ë¡A»´·L¿Æ¦â
5ªáªK①²Ê§§¡B®¼ª½¡A¤ÃºÙ
②ªø«×130cm¥H¤W①²Ê§§¡B®¼ª½¡A¤ÃºÙ
②ªø«×100cm¥H¤W①®¼ª½¡A²¤②¦³Ås¦±
ªø«×85cm¥H¤W①²¤¦³Ås¦±
②ªø«×70cm¥H¤W
6¸¸«p¹êÂAºñ¦³¥ú¿A¡AµL¤z¦y¸¦âÂAºñ¡AµL¤z¦y¦³»´·L¿Æºñ©Î·F¦y¦³»´·L¿Æºñ©Î·F¦y
7¯fÂή`µLÁʤJ°ê®a©Î¦a°ÏÀˬ̪º¯fÂή`µLÁʤJ°ê®a©Î¦a°ÏÀˬ̪º¯fÂή`¡A¦³»´·L¯fÂή`´³ÂIµLÁʤJ°ê®a©Î¦a°ÏÀˬ̪º¯fÂή`¡A¦³»´·L¯fÂή`´³ÂIµLÁʤJ°ê®a©Î¦a°ÏÀˬ̪º¯fÂή`¡A¦³»´·L¯fÂή`´³ÂI
8·l¶Ëµ¥µLÃÄ®`¡B§N®`¤Î¾÷±ñ·l¶Ëµ¥´X¥GµLÃÄ®`¡B§N®`¤Î¾÷±ñ·l¶Ëµ¥¦³»´·LÃÄ®`¡B§N®`¤Î¾÷±ñ·l¶Ëµ¥¦³»´·LÃÄ®`¡B§N®`¤Î¾÷±ñ·l¶Ëµ¥ °â¡F
9ªö¤Á¼Ð·Ç¾A¥Î¶}ªá«ü¼Æ1¡^1¡ã3¾A¥Î¶}ªá«ü¼Æ1¡ã3¾A¥Î¶}ªá«ü¼Æ2¡ã4¾A¥Î¶}ªá«ü¼Æ3¡ã4
10ªö«á³B²z①¥ß§Y¤J¤ô«OÂA¾¯³B²z
②¨Ì«~ºØ¨C10¤ä¡B20¤ä®¹¦¨¤@²Ï¡A¨C§â¤¤ªá±ðªø«×³Ìªø»P³Ìµuªº®t§O¤£¥i¶W¹L3cm
③¨C10²Ï¡B5²Ï¬°¤@®¹①«OÂA¾¯³B²z
②¨Ì«~ºØ¨C10¤ä¡B20¤ä®¹¦¨¤@§â¡A¨C§â¤¤ªá±ðªø«×³Ìªø»P³Ìµuªº®t§O¤£¥i¶W¹L5cm
③¨C10²Ï¡B5²Ï¬°¤@®¹①¨Ì«~ºØ¨C10¤ä¡B20¤ä®¹¦¨¤@§â¨C§â¤¤ªá±ð
ªø«×³Ìªø»P³Ìµuªº®t§O¤£¥i¶W¹L10cm ②¨C10²Ï¡B5²Ï¬°¤@®¹①¨Ì«~ºØ¨C10¤ä¡B20¤ä®¹¦¨¤@§â¡A¨C§â°ò³¡¤Á»ô
②¨C10²Ï¡B5²Ï¬°¤@®¹
1¡^¶}ªá«ü¼Æ1¡Gªá§Ç³Ì¤U³¡1¡ã2¦·¤pªá³£Åã¦â¦Óªá䤴µMºò¨÷®É¡A¾A¦X©ó»·¶ZÂ÷¹B¿é¡F¡@¡@¶}ªá«ü¼Æ2¡Gªá§Ç³Ì¤U³¡1¡ã5¦·¤pªá³£Åã¦â¡A¤pªáªá䥼¶}©ñ¡A¥i¥Hݧ@»·¶ZÂ÷©Mªñ¶ZÂ÷¹B¿é¡F¡@¡@¶}ªá«ü¼Æ3¡Gªá§Ç³Ì¤U³¡1¡ã5¦·¤pªá³£Åã¦â¡A¨ä¤¤°ò³¡¤pªá²¤§e®i¶}ª¬ºA¡A¾A¦X©ó´Nªñ§åµo¥X°â¡F¡@¡@¶}ªá«ü¼Æ4¡Gªá§Ç¤U³¡7¦·¥H¤W¤pªáÅS¥Xc¤ù¨Ã³£Åã¦â¡A¨ä¤¤°ò³¡¤pªá¤w¸g¶}©ñ¡A¥²¶·´Nªñ«Ü§Ö¥X
4¡@ÀËÅç³W«h
4¡D1¡@ÀËÅç³W«h
4¡D1¡D1¡@¦P¤@²£¦a¡B¦P¤@§å¶q¡B¦P¤@«~ºØ¡A¬Û¦Pµ¥¯Åªº°Ó«~§@¬°¤@ÀË´ú§å¦¸¡C
4¡D1¡D2¡@«ö¤@ÓÀË´ú§å¦¸ÀH¾÷©â¼Ë¡A©ÒÀ˼˫~¶q¬°¤@Ó¥]¸Ë³æ¦ì¡]¦p½c¡^¡C
4¡D1¡D3¡@³æªKªáªºµ¥¯Å§P©w¡G«ö·Óªí1¤¤¤À¯Å¼Ð·Ç¤º®e¡A¦b§¹¥þ²Å¦X¬Y¯Å©Ò¦³±ø¥ó¡A¤~¯à»¡©ú¹F¨ì¸Ó¯Å¼Ð ã¡C
4¡D1¡D4¡@¾ãӧ妸ªºµ¥¯Å§P©w¡G ¡@¡@¤@¯Åªá¡A¥²¶·¬O©ÒÀ˼˫~ªº95¢H¥H¤W²Å¦X¥»¼Ð·Ç¤@¯Åªáªºn¨D¡F
¡@¡@¡@¡@¤G¯Åªá¡A¥²¶·¬O©ÒÀ˼˫~ªº90¢H¥H¤W²Å¦X¥»¼Ð·Ç¤G¯Åªáªºn¨D¡F¡@¡@¡@¤T¯Åªá¡A¥²¶·¬O©ÒÀ˼˫~ªº85¢H¥H¤W²Å¦X¥»¼Ð·Ç¤T¯Åªáªºn¨D¡F¡@¡@¡@¥|¯Åªá¡A¥²¶·¬O©ÒÀ˼˫~ªº80¢H¥H¤W²Å¦X¥»¼Ð·Ç¥|¯Åªáªºn¨D¡C
4¡D2¡@ÀËÅç¤èªk
4¡D2¡D1¡@¤Áªá«~ºØ¡G®Ú¾Ú«~ºØ¯S¼x¹ÏÃжi¦æÅ³©w¡C
4¡D2¡D2¡@¾ãÅé·P¡G®Ú¾Ú¸¤ù¡B¤pªá¦·¦bªá±ð¤Wªº±Æ¦Cª¬ªp¡B¾ãÅ饿ŵ¥¶i¦æ¥Ø´úµû©w¡C
4¡D2¡D3¡@ªáªK¡G¥]¬Aªø«×¡B²Ê«×©M®¼ª½µ{«×¡C¨ä¤¤ªø«×©M²Ê«×¥Î¤Ø©M¥d¤Ø´ú¶q¡A³æ¦ìcm¡F®¼ª½µ{«×¥Ø´úµû ©w¡C
4¡D2¡D4¡@ÃÄ®`¡G¥Ø´úµû©w¡C
4¡D2¡D5¡@§N®`¡G³q¹Lªáä©M¸¤ùªºÃC¦â¥Ø´ú§PÂ_¡F¤]¥i³q¹L²~´¡Æ[¹îªá¦·¨ä¯à§_¥¿±`¶}©ñ¨Ó½T©w¡C
4¡D2¡D6¡@¾÷±ñ·l¶Ë¡G¥Ø´úµû©w¡C
4¡D2¡D7¡@ªö¤Á¼Ð·Ç¡G¥Ø´úµû©w¡C
4¡D2¡D8¡@«OÂA¾¯¡G³q¹L¤Æ¾Ç¤èªkÀË´ú«OÂA¾¯ªº¥Dn¦¨¤À¨Ó½T©w¡C
5¡@¥]¸Ë¡B¼Ð»x¡B¶JÂéM¹B¿é
5¡D1¡@¥]¸Ë¡G¦U¼h¤Áªá¤Ï¦VÅ|©ñ½c¤¤¡Aªá¦·´Â¥~¡AÂ÷½cÃä5cm¡F¤p½c¬°10§â¡A¤j½c¬°15§â¡F¸Ë½c®É¡A¤¤¶¡»Ý
®¹¸j©T©w¡F¯È½c¨â°¼»Ý¥´¤Õ¡A¤Õ¤f¶ZÂ÷½c¤f8cm¡F¯È½c¼e«×¬°30cm©Î40cm¡C
5¡D2¡@¼Ð»x¡G¥²¶·ª`©ú¤ÁªáºØÃþ¡B«~ºØ¦W¡Bªá¦â¡B¯Å§O¡Bªá±ðªø«×¡B¸Ë½c®e¶q¡B¥Í²£³æ¦ì¡Bªö¤Á®É¶¡¡C
5¡D3¡@¶JÂñø¥ó¡G³Ì¦n±Ä¥Î·FÂä覡¡C·Å«×«O«ù¦b7¡ã10¢J¡A¬Û¹ïÀã«×n¨D90¢H¡ã95¢H¡Cµ²§ô«á¡An¨Dªö ¥Îªá´Á±±¨î³B²z¡C
5¡D4¡@¹B¿é±ø¥ó¡G¹ï©ó¦h¼Æ«~ºØ¡A·Å«×n¨D¦b8¡ã10¢J¡FªÅ®ð¬Û¹ïÀã«×«O«ù¦b85¢H¡ã95¢H¡C¤@¯ë±Ä¥Î·F¹B
¡]§Y±N¤Áªáªº²ô°ò¤£µ¹¤©¥ô¦óµ¹¤ô±¹¬I¡^¡CµL½×¬O¶JÂéάO¹B¿é¤¤¡Aªá²ô¥²¶·ª½¥ß©ñ¸m¡AÁ×§KªáÁJ¦V¤WÅs¦±¡C
¤HÌ·Rªá¡A¥B±Nªáµø¬°ªB¤Í¡C¤HÃþ³£¦³¥Í¤é¡A©ó¬O·Q¨ì¦Êªá¤]À³·í¦³¦Û¤vªº¥Í¤é¡A¹E¿ï©w¨C¦~¹A¾ä¤G¤ë¤¤¦¯¦Êªá²±¶}®É¸`ªº¬Y¤é§@¬°¦Êªá¥Í¤é¡C¦a°Ï¤£¦P¡A¨ãÅé¤é´Á²¤¦³®t²§¡A¥_¨Ê¡B¶}«Ê¡B¦è¦w¡B¦¨³£¤ÎĬ¦{µ¥¦a¡A¥H¤G¤ë¤Q¤G¬°¡§ªá´Â¸`¡¨¡A§Yªá¯«¥Í¤é¡A¦]¬°³o¤Ñ¬O±Z¤¸À²Å@¦ÊªáÁ׫ʫ¼¤§¨°¡C¦b¨C¦~ªº³o¤@¤Ñ¡A¥H¤W¦a°Ï¡§¤h¤kª§¬Û¥X¥¡A¿×¤§±´¬K¡C»´¦àµe¯é¡AÀͤñÅì¶°¡¨¡A¼ö¾x«D¤Z¡A©ÎÁ|¦æ¼³½º·|¡Aªíºt¼³½º»R¡A©Î®²âEµn¤s¡AÅ¥¥¬½\Án¡A¥H½Ò¹A¨Æ¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤HÌÁÙ±`¥H³o¤@¤Ñªº¤Ñ®ð³±·ú¡A¨Ó¹w´ú³o¦~ªº¦Êªá©R¹B¡A¦pªG¬O¤é¤Ñ®ð´¸®Ô¡A«h¦Êªá¦¨¡A²³¥cÆv¡A¤Ï¤§¡A«h§_¡C
¡@¦bªC¦{¤@±a¡A«h©w¤G¤ë¤Q¤¤é¬°¦Êªá¥Í¥Í¤é¡A¦]¬°¬O¤é¥¿¬O¬K§Ç¥¿¤¤¡A¦Êªáª§©ñ¤§®É¡C³o¤@¤Ñ¡A³£¤H¬Ò©¹¿ú¶íªù¥~¡A¥É³ý¡B¥j¬hªL¡B·¨©²¶³¬}¡A¼yªF¡B¤p´ò¡B¥]®a¤s¡B±i¤Ó±L¶éµ¥³B¡A½àª±©_ªá²§¤ì¡A¦P®É¡A«Ó¦u¡A¿¤®_µ¥¦a¤è©xû¤]²v»â³¡¤U¥X¥¡A¥l¨£¤÷¦Ñ¶m¿Ë¡A¡§½ç¥H°s¹¡AÄU¥H¹A®á¡¨¡A¦b¡§»P¥Á¶¡¦P¼Ö¡¨¤¤µoªí¤@¨Ç©ñ¬I¬Fºt»¡¡A¦b¥Á¶¡¡A¤]¦³¦b³o¤Ñ¥h¦x°|©^»¡AÅ¥¹Dªº¡A¥H¬è¨D³o¦~¦Êªá¿³©ô¡A¤½\Â×µn¡C
¡@¡@°£¦Êªáªº¦@¦P¥Í¤é¤§¥~¡A¦³¨Ç«~ºØ¡AÁÙ¦³¦U¦Ûªº¥Í¤é¡A¦p¤¤ë¤G¤Q¤é¬O´Öªá¥Í¡A¤T¤ë¤T¤é¬°Âɵæªá¥Í¤é¡A¥|¤ë¤Q¤é¬OÛu»Z¥Í¤é¡A¤K¤ë¤Q¤¤é¬°¨d¤¦¥Í¤é¡A¾Ú»¡¦¹¤é²¾®â¨d¤¦³Ì©ö¦¨¬¡¡A¤»¤ë¤G¤Q¥|¬O²üªá¥Í¤éµ¥µ¥¡C
¬ü¹ÄªîP
¡@¡@
¡@¡@ĪîP¬O¦Ê¥x¬ìĪîPÄÝ´Óª«¡C³q¹L°ê¤º¥~ªº¬ì¬ã¤u§@ªÌªº¤j¶q¬ã¨sÃÒ¹ê¡AĪîP¬O¤@ºØÀu¨}ªº«O°·´Óª«¡A¨ã¦³°£¯f±j¨ªº¥\®Ä¡A¦P®É¤]¦³¬ü®eªº§@¥Î,¦P®ÉĪîPÁÙ¥i¹¥Î¡C±NĪîPªºÂA¸¬~²b¥h¥Ö¡A¥[¤J¦UºØ°t®Æ¡AÂ\¤WÀ\®à¡A´N¦¨¬°¤@¹D·sÂA¡B¬üÄR¡B¥i¤fªº¬ü¹¡A¦b¤j§Ö¦·À[¤§«áÁÙ¯à±j¨°·Åé¡BÒç¯f©µ¦~¡C²{¦b¤¶²Ð´XºØÄªîP¬ü¹¡A§Æ±æ¤j®a³ßÅw¡C
ĪîP¬µ½¼¤¯
¥D®Æ ĪîP¸¦×50¤@150§J(®Ú¾Ú¤H¼Æªº¦h¤Ö¡A¥i¾A·í¼W´î)¡C
°t®Æ ÂA½¼¤¯25¤@50§J¡B¾ý¯»¤Ö³\¡BÂû³J¤@Ó¡C
½Õ®Æ ¹ÆQ¡B¨F©Ôªo¡B´Ôªo¡C
»s§@¤èªk
1.§âĪîP¸¦×¤Á¦¨0.5-0.6Âç¦Ì¼e¡A4-5Âç¦Ìªøªº±ø¡A¥[¤Ö³\ºëÆQ¡A©Õ¤Ã³Æ¥Î¡C2.§âÂû³J¥´¤H¸J¤¤¡A¥[¤J¾ý¯»©Î¾A¶qºëÆQ¡AÅͩզ¨½kª¬¡A¨Ã§âĪîP±ø¡B½¼¤¯©ñ¤J¨ä¤¤¡A©Õ¤Ã¡A³Æ¥Î¡C3.¦bª£Á礤©ñ¤H¨F©Ôªo¡Aªo6¦¨¼ö®É¡A§âĪîP±ø¡B½¼¤¯©ñ¦bªoÁ礤¬µª÷¶À¦â®É¡A¼´¨ì½L¤¤¡A¼»¤W´ÔÆQ©Î§â´ÔÆQ©ñ¤j¥t¤@¤p½L¤¤¡A§Y¥i¹¥Î¡C
¡@ ĪîP²D©Õ¶À¥Ê
¥D®Æ ĪîPÂA¸1¤ù¡C
°t®Æ ¶À¥Ê1±ø¡B½µ¡B»µæ¤Ö³\¡C
½Õ®Æ ¹ÆQ¡B¦Ì¾L¡B»¶´Ôªo©Îªá´Ôªo¡B»ªo¡B¥Í©â¤ý¡C
»s§@¤èªk
1.§â¥D®Æ¡B°t®Æ¬~²b¡AÀ¿¥h¤ô¤À¡A³Æ¥Î¡C2.°£¥h¥D®Æ¡B°t®Æ¤£¯à¹¥Îªº³¡¤À;§âĪîP¦×¤Á¦¨3Âç¦Ìªøªº±ø§Î¡A©ñ¤J¶}¤ô¤¤µN5¤@6¤ÀÄÁ¼´¥X¡A±±¥h¤ô¤À;§â¶À¥Ê¤Á¦¨3Âç¦Ìªøªº±ø§Î;§â½µ¡B»µæ¤Á¦¨3Âç¦Ìªøªºµ·ª¬¡C3.§â¥D®Æ¡B°t®Æ²V¦X¦b¤@°_¡A¥[¤J¾A¶q½Õ®Æ(¥i®Ú¾ÚÓ¤H©Î¥þ®a¤Hªº¤f¨ý¦Ó©w¡A½µ¡B»µÜ¡B¥Í©â¤ý¥i©ñ¡A¥i¤£©ñ¡A¤£¦Y»¶ªº¤]¥i¤£©ñ¡A¥iÆF¬¡´x´¤,§Y¥i¡C
¡@¡@
¡@¡@ĪîP»µæ´ö
¥D®Æ ĪîP¸¦×100¤@150§J¡C
°t®Æ »µæ¡B¤ô¾ý¯»¡B½µ¡BÁ¤¡C
½Õ®Æ ¨F©Ôªo¡BºëÆQ¡B¨ýºë¡B»ªo¡C
»s§@¤èªk
1.§âĪîP¸¦×¡B½µ¡B«¸¤Á¦¨µ·¡A³Æ¥Î¡C2.§â»µæ¬~²b¤Á¦¨¬q©Î¸H¥½¡A¥Î»ªo¡B¨ýºë¡BºëÆQ¨ý¤W¡A³Æ¥Î¡C3.ª£Áç¤W¤õ¡AÁç¼ö«á©ñ¤H¨F©Ôªo¡A6¦¨¼ö®É©ñ¤H½µµ·¡BÁ¤µ·¡A©ñ¥X»¬N«á¡A¦A©ñ¤JĪîPµ·¡A½ª£¡AµM«á±qÁçÃäˤH¶}¤ô¡A¤ô¶}«á¦A©ñ¤J¤ô¾ý¯»¡A¦A¶}Áç«á©ñ¤H¨ý¦nªº»µæ¡A§Y¥i¥XÁç¡C
¡@ ĪîP¯Àª£¦èÄõªá
¥D®Æ ĪîP¸¦×50¤@150§J
°t®Æ ¦èÄõªá25¤@50§J¡C
½Õ®Æ ¹ÆQ¡B´Óª«ªo¡B¨ýºë ¡B½µµ·¡BÁ¤µ·¡B»[¯ñ¡C
»s§@¤èªk
1.§âĪîP¸¦×¤Á¦¨ªø2Âç¦Ì¨£¤èªº¶ôª¬¡A³Æ¥Î¡C2.§â¦èÄõªáªºÀYª¬¤pªá§Ç¤Á¤U¨Ó¡A§âªá¶b¥h¥Ö¡A¨Ã¤@©w¨ì¶}¤ô¤¤§Û¤@¤U¡A¼´¥X¡AÃw·F¤ô¤À¡A³Æ¥Î¡C3.ª£Áç¤W¤õ¡A«Ýªo6¦¨¼ö®É¥[¤J½µµ·¡BÁ¤µ·¡A«Ýª£¥X»¨ý«á¡A©ñ¤HĪîP¡B¦èÄõªá¡A½ª£¤@¤U¡A°¨¤W©ñ¤J¨ýºë¡B»[¯ñ¡A½ª£§Y¥i¤W½L¡C
¡@
¤°ÀAĪîP
¥D®Æ ĪîP¸¦×
°t®Æ ¤sÃÄ¡BáB¤sùجõ
½Õ®Æ ¸Á»e©Î¥Õ¿}¡C
»s§@¤èªk
1.§â¥D®Æ¡B°t®Æ¬~²b¡A±±¥h¤ô¤À¡A³Æ¥Î¡C2.§âĪîPªº¸¦×¤Á¦¨¤T¨¤§Î¶ô¡A¥Î¶}¤ôµN5¤@6¤ÀÄÁ;¼´¥X¡A±±¥h¤ô¤À¡A©ñ¤j½L¤¤¡C§â¤sÃĤWÁç»]¼ô¡A¥h¥Ö¡A¤Á¦¨¤T¨¤§Î¶ô¤]©ñ¤H½L¤¤¡C°£¥h꺤£¯à¹¥Î³¡¤À¡A±N¨ä¤Á¦¨¤T¨¤§Î¶ô¡A©ñ¤H¶}¤ô¤¤µN2¤@3¤ÀÄÁ¡A¼´¥X¡A±±¥h¤ô¤À¡C§â¤sùجõ(¥Î¬õªGÅøÀY©ÎÄå®çÅøÀY¤]¥i)ªº®Ö¡B¸¦°£¥h¡A¥Î¶}¤ôµN2-3¤ÀÄÁ¡A¼´¥X¡A±±¥h¤ô(¤]¥i¥Í¥Î)¡C3.§â¥D®Æ¡B°t®Æ¤@°_ˤJ½L¤¤¡A¦A©ñ¤H2¤@3¤c¸Á»e(¥Õ¿}¤]¥i¡A¦ý¨S¦³»e¦n)¡AÅͩէ¡¤Ã§Y¥i¹¥Î¡C
ĪîP¨F©Ô
¥D®Æ ĪîP¸¦×
°t®Æ ¤ôªG
½Õ®Æ ¥C¤ñ¨F©ÔÂæ¡B¥C¤ñ¤d®qÂæ
1.¥ý§âĪîP¡B¤ôªG¬~²b¡A¥Î¤ò¤y©ÎÀ\¤y¯ÈÀ¿·F¡C2.¦A¥Î¤ôªG¤M¥h±¼ªG¸¦¤ÎªG¬`¡A«d¥h¥~¥Ö¡A§â¤ôªG¤Á¦¨¨â¥b¡A°£¥hÄ«ªG¡B±ù¡BÄå®çªºªG®Ö³¡¤À¡A§â¤ôªG¤Á¦¨µÙ§Î©Î¤T¨¤§Î¤p¶ô¡A©ñ¤H½L¤¤¡A³Æ¥Î;§âĪîPªº¨ë©M¤W¤Uªí¥Ö°£¥h¡A¯d¨ú¸¦×³¡¤À¡A¨Ã¤Á¦¨µÙ§Î©Î¤T¨¤§Î¤p¶ô¡A©ñ¤J¤ô¤¤µN5¤@6¤ÀÄÁ¡A¼´¥X¡A±±¥h¤ô¤À¡A©ñ¤j½L¤¤³Æ¥Î¡C.¨ú¥X¥C¤ñ¨F©ÔÂæ©M¥C¤ñ¤d®qÂæ¦U2¤@3¯ùü¡A»PĪîP¡B¤ôªG¶ôÅͩէ¡¤Ã§Y¥i¡C
¼Ú¬ü°ê®a°eªá²ß«U
¼Ú¬ü¤@¨Ç°ê®a°eªá²ß«U
¦U°ê°eªá²ß«U¦]¤£¦P°ê«×¡B¤£¦P¥Á±Ú¦Ó²§¡C¥Ñ©ó¦U°êªº°ê¤g¸ê·½¡B¦a²zÀô¹Ò¤£¦P¡AºØ´Óªá¯ó¾ð¤ìªº·R¦n¤]¤£¦P¡A¦]¦Ó¤H̹ï©óªá¯ó¾ð¤ìªº·P±¡§¡¦³®t²§¡A³o´N§Î¦¨¤F¦U°ê¤£¦Pªºªá»y©MõXÃØ·R¦n¡C¦ý±qÁ`Åé¤WÁ¿¡A¤j¤Z¤å¤Æ¸gÀÙµo¹Fªº°ê®a¡F©Î°ê¤g´Óª«¸ê·½Â×´Iªº¦a°Ï¡A¤H̼ö·Rªá¤ìªºµ{«×´N°ª¡A®a®a¤á¤á¾iªá¦¨Â}¡A¨ì³B§e²{¥X¤@¤ùªáªº®ü¬v¡A³o¼Ëªº°ê®a©Î¦a°Ï¦bªÀ¥æ¬¡°Ê¤¤¤]¦h³ß·R¥Hªá±H±¡¡A¬Û¤¬¶¡¥æ©¹õXÃØÂAªá§Î¦¨²ß«U¡C
¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¼Ú¬üµ¥¦a³\¦h°ê®a¦bªÀ¥æÂ§»ö¤¤³£Â÷¤£¶}ÂAªá¡A¦]¦ÓÂA¤Áªáªº»Ý¨D¶q«Ü¤j¡C¤H̦b³X¿Ë±´¤Í¡B±B³à¶ù°ù¡B¥Í¤é¯¬¶P¡Bªï°e»««È¡B¦N¼y¬ö©À¡B±´µø¯f¤Hµ¥µ¥ªÀ¥æ¬¡°Ê¤¤¡A§OªºÂ§ª«¥i¥H¤Ö°e©Î¤£°e¡A¦ý°e¤W¤@§ôÂAªá¡AÁ`¬O¤Ö¤£¤Fªº¡C¤ḨâÃØªá§@¬°¥æ¬y«ä·Q·P±¡ªº´C¤¶¡A§@¬°·¶®¶Ç±¡ªºÂ§ª«¡C¦è¼Ú¤H¤×¨ä³ß°eÆ{ª÷»¡Bª´ºÀ¡B»¥Û¦Ë¡B¤ë©u¡BðÛu»Z¡B¦Ê¦X¡B«D¬wµâ¡BµµÃ¹Äõµ¥¡C¦]¬°³o¨Çªá¤¤³£Ä§tµÛ¡§¯u¼°²`±¡ªº·R¡¨ªº§t¸q¡C³\¦h°ê®a«C¦~¨k¤k¤×Áé·Rª´ºÀªá©MÆ{ª÷»¡A¦]¬°³o¨âºØªá¤¤Ä§tªº¡§·R±¡¯u¸Û¡¨ªº®ðª^¿@¯P¡C¨C¦~ªº2¤ë14¤é¡A¤£¤Ö°ê®an¹L±¡¤H¸`¡C¾Ú»¡³oӲ߫U³Ì¦°_·½¤_¥jù°¨«Ò°ê¡A¶Ç»¡¥jù°¨®É´Á¡A®J¤Î¤k¤ý§J°ú¤Ú¯S©Ôªï±µ¦oªº±¡¤H¦wªF¥§®É¡A¾ãÓ®c·µ´X¥G®I¨S¦bª´ºÀªá®ü¤¤¡C¥t¦³³ø¾É»¡¡A±¡¤H¸`°_·½¤_^°ê¡A¬O¬°¬ö©À¦è¤¸3¥@¬ö¦W¦r¥s½dÛ®õ®¦ªº¤H¡C·í®É²Îªv^°êªºÃ¹°¨±Ð¬Ó¡A¬°«OÃÒx¶¤ªº±j¤j¤£³\«C¦~µ²±B¡A¦Ó½dÛ®õ®¦¦P±¡¦~»´¤H¡A«K¸g±`°½°½¦a¬°¥LÌÁ|¦æ±B§¡A¦]¦Ó¾D¨ì¥}¸T¦º©óº»¤¤¡C¬°¤F¬ö©À³o¦ìȱo¦~«CÅʤH±R·qªº¤H¡A«K®¨®¨¿³°_±¡¤H¸`¡C³oӲ߫U¦b´XÓ¥@¬ö«e´N¦b¼Ú¬w¦U°ê´¶¹M¬y¦æ¡A¨C¨ì³o¤@¸`¤é¡A¦~«C¤HÁ`n¦V¦Û¤v·R¼}ªº¤HÃØ°e§«~¡Aªí¥ÜÁ鱡¡A§«~¤¤ª´ºÀªá³Ì¨üÅwªï¡C¦]¬°¤H̳£»{¬°ª´ºÀªá¬O¯u¡Bµ½¡B¬üªº¶H¼x¡A¯à³Ì§¹¬üªºÅé²{¥X±¡¤H¤§¶¡¨ººØ¯Â¯u¿K¼öªº·R©M±R°ªªº±¡¾Þ¡C°e¬õª´ºÀªº¶Ç»¡¡A¾Ú»¡¬O¥j¥Nªi´µ¦³¦ì¨k«C¦~¡A¬°¤Fªí¹F¦Û¤v¹ï±¡¤Hªº¤@©¹±¡²`¡A´¿¥Î¦Û¤vªºÂA¦å±N¥Õ¦âª´ºÀªá¬V¬õ¡A°eµ¹¤ß¤W¤H¡A¥LªºÅʤH²×©ó·P°Ê¤F¡C«á¨Ó象¦©¹©¹¦V·N¤¤¤H°e¥h¤@¦·¬õª´ºÀ¡A¥Hªí¤ß¤¤²`±¡ªº¼°·R¡C¦b±¡¤H¸`°eª´ºÀªáªº³oӲ߫U¬y¦æ¤¤¤HÌÁÙ³vº¥§â³oºØ·R±¡ªº²`«×©Mª´ºÀªáªºÃC¦âÅܤƥH¤Îªác¶}©ñµ{«×¥©§®ªº´J·Nµ²¦X¡A¦Ó§Î¦¨¤F¤£¤Ö°eª´ºÀªáªº²ß«U¡G¨Ò¦pªìÅÊ®ÉÁ¿¨s°e§tc±ý©ñªº¯»¬õª´ºÀªá¡F¼öÅʲ`±¡·R±¡¦¨¼ô®Én°e¼b¬õ©Îµµ¬õ²±¶}ªº¬õª´ºÀªá¡F¦pªG·R±¡¥b³~¤Ô§é¡A¤@¤è·|°e¤W¤@§ô¶Àª´ºÀ¡A¥Hªí¤ß¤¤ªº§Ò§ª©Î¤£§Ö¡C·íµM¤@¯ë¤Í¤H¤]¥iÃØ°eª´ºÀªá¡A¦ý©y°e¶H¼xµÛ´L·q¹ï¤è©M§t¦³±R°ª·q·N¡A©M¿Ó¬ü¦nªº¥Õª´ºÀ¡A¦]¬°³\¦h°ê®aªº¤H¥Á»{¬°¥Õ¦â¬O¯Â¼ä¤Í½Ëªº¶H¼x¡C±¡¤H¸`®É¤£¤Ö¦è¤è°ê®aÁÙÃØ°e¨ä¥L´J·N·R±¡ªºªá¡A¦p¬õÁ¥Á¨¡B¬õ¦âÆ{ª÷»µ¥¡C¦a¤¤®ü¤@±a¤H¥Áªí¥Ü·R±¡®É³ßÅwÃØ°e±aµÛ¿@±¡«p·N®ðª^ªº¡§¤Å§Ñ§Ú¡¨ªá¡C¶Ç»¡¤¤µµÃ¹Äõªá¤]¬O¡§·R±¡ªá¡¨¡A¾Ú§ÆÃ¾¯«¸Ü¶Ç»¡¡A¥q·R©M¬üªº¤k¯«ºû¯Ç´µ¦]·R¤H»·¦æ¡A¨Ì¨Ì±¤§O¡A¤À¤â®É¦o¤î¤£¦í±¼¤U²\¨Ó¡A²\¯]ºw¦b¦a¤W¡A²Ä¤G¦~«KµoªÞªøªK¶}¥X¤@¦·¦·¤S¬ü¤S»ªºªá¡A³o´N¬OµµÃ¹Äõªá¡A±q¦¹µµÃ¹Äõ±aµÛºû¯Ç´µ·R¯«ªº´J·N«K¦¨¬°¦h±¡ªº¤Æ¨¡C¦Ê¦Xªá¦b¤£¤Ö°ê®a¥Nªí¯«¸t¡B¸t¼ä¡A©Î¯Â¼ä»P¤Í½Ë¡A¦b¶Ç²Î°ò·þ±ÐªÀ·|ùر`¥Î¥¦Ämµ¹¸t¥À¡A¬O´_¬¡¸`¥²¥Îªºªá¡C¦è¤èªá»y¤¤¤B»ªá´J·N¯Â¼ä»PªìÅÊ¡F»¥Û¦Ë¶H¼x¯u¼°ªº¤Í±¡¡Fªi´µµâ¥Nªí¤Ö¤kªº¤ß¡Aµ¥µ¥¡C¥t¦³§÷®Æ³ø¾É¡A¤@¯ë¦b¦è¼Ú¡A¥À¿Ë°eªáµ¹¤l¤k®É¤@¯ë¥Î¥V«C¡BÄå¯ó¡Bª÷¿úªá¡BÕæ¾]ªáµ¥²Õ¦¨ªá§ô¡A¥Hªí¥Ü¹ï¤l¤kªº¾i¨|¤§·R¡C°e§OªB¤Í±`¿ï¥Î§üªK(¥Nªí¤À§O)»Ã¹°Ç(´J·N¯¬Ä@)©M¯Ú¯×ªá(§t¸q¬°¤Å§Ñ)²Õ¦¨ªá§ô¬ÛÃØ¡C±´±æ¯f¤H®É¦h¥Î¬õÄ¢µ¯(ªí¥Ü¦w¼¢)©M³¥¦Ê¦X(¶H¼x±d´_)ªá§ô¬Û°e¡A¥H¯¬Ä@¯f¤H¦¤é±d´_¡CªB¤Í¥~¥X®É±`¥H³¾¤£±J¡B¬õ¤B»¡Bº·µ·¤l²Õ¦¨ªá§ô¬ÛÃØ¡A¥HÄ´J¯¬§g§V¤O¡A¥²¯à¦¨¥\ªº§t¸q¡C
¡@¡@°£¤Wz²ß«U¥~¡A¦U°êÁÙ¦³¦U¦Û¤£¦P§t¸qªºªá»y¡C¨Ò¦p¦bªk°ê¤Hªº²´ùØ¡A¦Ê¦Xªá¬O¥j¥N¤ý«ÇÅv¤Oªº¶H¼x¡C¾Ú»¡ªkÄõ¦è²Ä¤@°ê¤ý§J¬¥ºû¬~§®É¡A¤W«Ò´N¥Î¦Ê¦Xªáµ¹¥L¶P§¡A«á¨Óªk°ê¤H¬°¬ö©À©l¯ª¡A±q12¥@¬ö°_´N§â¦Ê¦X§@¬°°êÀ²¹Ï®×¡A§â¥¦µø¬°¥ú©ú©M¦Û¥Ñªº¶H¼x¨Ã±R¬°°êªá¡C¦bªk°êªá»y¤¤³ø¬Kªáªí¥Ü¡§ªìÅÊ¡¨¡G¤B»ªáªí¥Ü¡§¯Â¼ä¡¨¡Fµµ¤B»ªí¥Ü¡§§Ú¤ßÄÝ©ó§A¡¨¡FÄõªáªí¥Ü¡§°@¸Û¡¨¡K¡K¡A¦ý¬Oªk°ê¤H¹ïµâªá¦³§Ò¿Ð¡AªB¤ÍÀ³ÁÜu®bµ¥³ß¼y³õ¦X³£§Ò±aµâªá¬Û°e¡A¦]¬°ªk°ê¥u¦³¸®Â§¤W¤~¥Îµâªá
(¥Õµâ)ªí¥Ü«s±¥¡C
¡@¡@¸q¤j§Q¬OÓªá¥c¥Í²£°ê¡A¨äªá¥c²£¶q¦b¼Ú¬w¶È¦¸¤l²üÄõ¡C¤H¥Á«D±`³ß·RÂAªá¡A°£¹ï§ðºÀ¡B¦Ê¦X¡B¤ë©u¡BµµÃ¹Äõ¡BðÛu»Z¡BÆ{ª÷»¡B«D¬wµâ¡Bºûµâ¡B°¨¿á½¬¡BÅb±æÄõ¡B¤p»aÄõµ¥ªá³ß·R¥~¡A¤×°¾·R»¥Û¦Ë¡C»¥Û¦ËªºÂA¤Áªá¥Í²£¥e¥@¬É²Ä¤@¦ì¡C»Pªk°ê¤@¼Ë¡A¸q¤j§Q¤H¥Á¦P¼Ë»{¬°µâªá¬O¤£¦N²»ªºªá¡A¬O±Mªù¥Î¨Ó²½³þ¦ºªÌªº«s±¥ªá¡C¦ý¬O¦è¼Ú¤]¦³¤@¨Ç°ê®a«Ü³ßÅwµâªá¡A¦p¼w°ê¡B²üÄõµ¥¹ïµâªá³£«Ü¬Ã·R¡C
¡@¡@·ç¤h¤H»{¬°ÂAªá¥Nªí©M¥»P¤Í½Ë¡C¦UºØªÀ¥æ³õ¦X¨ì³BÂ÷¤£¶}ÂAªá¡A¤×¨ä¬O¯À¦³¡§¥@¬É¤½¶é¡¨¬üºÙªºº³£¤é¤º¥Ë¡A§ó¬O¤@¤ùªá®ü¡C¾Ú¤¶²Ð¡A¤é¤º¥Ë¤H¹ïª÷¦XÅwªáÃh¦³¯S®í·P±¡¡C¦ý¦b·ç¤h¤£¯à¤°»ò¤H³£ÀH«K°e¬õª´ºÀªá¡A¦]¬°¤HÌ»{¬°¬õª´ºÀªá¤¤¦³®öº©¦â±m¡C
¡@¡@¦è¯Z¤ú¤H¥Á¤]©M¨ä¥L¼Ú¬w¤H¤@¼Ë·Rªá¡A¤H¥Á¤×¨ä³ßÅwÆ{ª÷»¡C¥LÌ»{¬°Æ{ª÷»©Mª´ºÀªá³£¬O³ß¼y©M¬ü¦nªº¶H¼x¡C¦è¯Z¤ú¦³Ó¥þ°êªk©wªº¡§®Ñ¸`¡¨¡A¦b¨C¦~4¤ë
23¤éÁ|¦æ¡C¾Ú»¡³o¬O¬°¤F¬ö©À¸Ó°ê¤j¤å»¨ÁɤZ´£´µ¤_1714¦~³u¥@¦Ó©wªº¬ö©À¤é¡C¨C¨ì³o¤@¤Ñ«C¦~̳ßÅw¶R¤W¤@¦·ª´ºÀªá§¨¦b®Ñùذeµ¹¤ß·Rªº¤H¡C¦P¼Ë¡A¦b¦è¯Z¤ú¤]¤£¯àÀH«K°eµâªá¡A¦p³QÁܧ@«È¡A¤£¥i°e¤jÄRªá©Mµâªá¡A¦]¬°¤HÌ»{¬°³o¨âºØªá¤£¦N²»¡C
¡@¡@¤ñ§Q®É¤H³Ì§Ò¿ÐÂŦâ¡A¹J¨ì¤£²»¤§¨Æ¡A³£¥ÎÂŦâªá§@¼Ð»x¡C
¡@¡@¦b^°ê©M¼w°ê¡AÂAªá³£¬O«Ü«nªºÂ§»ö§«~¡C¾Ú³ø¾É¡A^°ê¬Ó«Ç®a±Ú¤H¤h¶i¦æ³X°Ýªº¦a¤è¡A¨ì³BnÂ\º¡Â§»öÂAªá¡C¹J¦³«¤j¬¡°Ê´¦¹õ¡BºtÁ¿¡Bºtûºt¥X¡B±B¼y³ß®b¡Bµ²±B¬ö©À¤é¡B¯¬¶P¥Í¤é¡B¬~§©R¦W¤é¥H¤Î¦UºØ±`³W¸`¤éµ¥¡A¦b^¡B¼w¨â°ê¡AÂAªá³£¤Ö¤£¤F¡C¦ý¼w°ê¤H§Ò¿Ðµ¹ªB¤Íªº©d¤l°eª´ºÀªá¡A¤×¨ä¬O¬õª´ºÀ¡A¦]¬°¥¦¥Nªí®öº©ªº·R±¡¡C^°ê¤H¤]¤£¤j³ßÅw¤B»ªá¡C¾Ú¦³Ãö§÷®Æ³ø¾É¡A^°êªºªá»y¤¤¥P«È¨Ó·N¨ý²Û©Ä¡A¯Ê¥F¦Û«H¡F¦Ó¤ô¥P«o¯à±a¥h¹ï¤Hªº´L·q¤§±¡¡F¤jÄRªáªí¥Ü¤£Ã©w©MÅܤƵL±`¡F»ð§À´J§t±j¯Pªº±¡·P¡Fª÷¦XÅw¥Nªí¤Í½Ë¡F±`¬KÃôJ·N©¾s©M¸`¾Þ¡F[²ú¥Nªí·Å¬X©M¿Ë¤Á¡F°e¤@§ô¬õ»¥Û¦Ë¥Nªí¿K¼ö·R±¡¡A¦ý¤@§ô¶À¦â»¥Û¦Ë«h·N¨ýµÛ»´µø©M½°µø¹ï¤è¡C
¡@¡@«Xù´µ¤H©M¨ä¥L¼Ú¬w¤H¤@¼Ë¡AÂAªá¦bªÀ¥æ¬¡°Ê¤¤°_µÛ«n§@¥Î¡C«ö·Ó«Xù´µªº²ß«U¡A³{¦~¹L¸`¡A¨k¤hÁ`nµ¹¼ô±xªº¤k¤h°eÂAªá¡A¦b¨ä¥L¦UºØ¸`¤é¤¤¡A¦p¡§¤T¤K¡¨
¸`¡A¡§¤¡X¡¨¸`¡B5¤ë9¤é¤Ïªk¦è´µ³Ó§Q¬ö©À¤é¡B¤Q¤ë²©R¸`µ¥«¤j¸`¤é¡A¨ì³B³£¦³·qÄmÂAªáªº¤H¡C«Xù´µ¤H¹ïµâªá¡B¤ë©u¡B°¨¿á½¬¡B¥Û¦Ë¡B¤ô¥Pµ¥ªá³£«Ü³ß·R¡A¨ä¤¤¯S§O°¾·R¤ë©u©MÆ{ª÷»¡A¤ë©u³QÅA¬°¡§ªá¤¤¬Ó¦Z¡¨¡A¦ÓÆ{ª÷»§ó¬O¶Ç±¡¨D·R¡AÁpµ¸¤Í±¡ªº±`¥ÎÂAªá¡A¤×¨ä¬O¬õ¦âÆ{ª÷»¡A¦P¬õª´ºÀ©M¬õ¥Û¦Ë¤@¼Ë³£ªí¥Ü§Æ±æ©M¨}¦nªº¯¬Ä@¤ß±¡¡C°e»ð§À³Q»{¬°¬O±a¥h¦n®ø®§ªº¼x¥ü¡CµµÛ`ªá¥i¥Î¨Ó°eµ¹¦~ªø«e½ú¡A¥Hªí¥Ü°·±dªø¹Øªº¯¬Ä@¡F¥P«È¨Ó«h¶H¼x©¾¸Û¡B¯u¼°ªº±¡½Ë¡C«Xù´µ¤H»{¬°¶À¦âªºÁ¥Á¨ªá¡A·N¨ýµÛµ´¥æ©M¤£¦N§Q¡A°eªá®ÉÀ³ª`·NÁ×§K¡C¦¹¥~¡A°eªáªº¼Æ¥Ø¤]nª`·N¡A¦]¬°¦b«Xù´µ¥u¦³¹ï¦º¤H¤Ýñ®É¤~°eÂù¼Æªá¡AªB¤Í¤§¶¡°eªá³£°e³æ¼Æ¡C
¡@¡@ªiÄõªºÂA¤Áªá®ø¯Ó¶q¦bªF¼Ú°ê®a¤¤¬Oº©}¤@«üªº¡CªiÄõ¤]¬O¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶Õ¤O¬Û·í±j¤jªº°ê®a¡A¾Ú³ø¾É¡A«ö·Ó¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¶Ç²Î²ßºD¡A»¥Û¦Ë¬O¡§¯«ªá¡¨¡A¶H¼x¾÷´¼»P§Ö¼Ö¡A¦A¥[¤W¦¹ªáªá¦âÂ×´I¡A«OÂA´Áªø¡A»ù®æ§C·G¡A©Ò¥H¤HÌ«ÜÄ@·N¥Î»¥Û¦Ë·í§@§»öªá»ô¡AÃØ°e¿ËªB¦n¤Í¡CªiÄõ¤H¤j¶q¥Îªáªº¤é¤l¶°¤¤¦b°ü¤k¸`¡B¥À¿Ë¸`¡B±Ð®v¸`
(10¤ë14¤é)©M¯ª¥À¸`(1¤ë21¤é)µ¥¸`¤éùØ¡C¥t¥~¡A«ö·ÓªiÄõªº²ßºD¡A¤@Ó¤Hªº©R¦W¤é¬OÓ«n¸`¤é¡A¨ä«n©Ê©¹©¹²±©ó¥Í¤é¡C¨C¨ì³o¤@¤Ñ¿ËªB¦n¤Í·|¯É¯É°e¨Ó¤j¶qÂAªá¡Aªá¶V¦W¶Q¡A»¡©ú§»ö¶V«¡C§ß¦ªá(«D¬wµâ)¡B¤p»aÄõ¡BÆ{ª÷»¡BÅb±æÄõµ¥¦W¶Q¤Áªá¡A±`¥Î¨Ó§@¬°±B§¡B¥Í¤é¡B©R¦W¤é¡Bµ²±B©P¦~¬ö©À¤é¡B«C¦~¨D·Rµ¥³õ¦XªºÂ§«~ªá¡C¦bªiÄõ¤]¦s¦bµÛ¤£n»´©ö°e¬õª´ºÀªáªº²ß«U¡C
¡@¡@¦³¡§ª´ºÀ¤§¨¹¡¨¬üÅAªº«O¥[§Q¨È¡A¤H¥Á«D±`¼ö·Rª´ºÀªá¡A§â¥¦µø¬°¯«¸tªá¡A¨Ã³Q©w¬°°êªá¡C¸Ó°êºØ´Óª´ºÀªº¾ú¥v«Üªø¡A¸g¹L¤H¥Á¨¯¶Ô°ö¨|¡A°ê¤º¦³¤W¦ÊÓª´ºÀ«~ºØ¡A¨Ã°ö¨|¥X¯à±q¤¤´£·Ò¥Xª´ºÀ»ºëªoªº¦W¶Q«~ºØ¡C«O¥[§Q¨È¥Í²£ª´ºÀªoªº¾ú¥v¤w¦³¡X¤G¦Ê¦~¡A¨ä½è¶q¤§°ª¦b°ê»Ú°ª¯Å»®Æ¥«³õ¤W³QÅA¬°¡§²GÅé¶Àª÷¡¨¡A¨ÉÅA¥þ¥@¬É¡A¨C¦~¬°«O¥[§Q¨È´«¨ú¤j¶q¥~¶×¡C¬°¦¹°ê®a¹ïª´ºÀ¥Í²£¤Q¤À«µø¡A§â¨C¦~6¤ëªº²Ä¤@Ó¬P´Á¤Ñ©w¬°¡§ª´ºÀ¸`¡¨¡A©¡®É¦b¤Úº¸·F¤sªº¦Ê¨½ª´ºÀ¨¦¦aùØ(¥þ°êª´ºÀ¥Í²£°ò¦a)¡A³£nÁ|¿ì²±¤jªºª´ºÀªá¶}ºK»ö¦¡¡C¨C¨ì³o¤@¤Ñ¥þ°ê¨ä¥L¦U¦a¤]Á|¿ì¼y¯¬¬¡°Ê¡A©¡®É¥Ñ¬D¿ï¥Xªºº}«G¤Ö¤k¸Ë§ê¦¨¡§ª´ºÀ¥P¤k¡¨¡A¦b±mªá¨®¤W¤j§â¤j§â¦a¦V²³¤H抛Åxª´ºÀªáä¡A§C±Ûªºª½¤É¸¾÷¤]¦b¤H¸s¤WªÅ¤£°±¦a¦V¤HÌ抛ÅxµÛª´ºÀ»¤ô©Mªáä¡Cªáä±aµÛ¿@§ªºª´ºÀªÚ»¡A¶H¡§¤Ñ¤k´²ªá¡¨¤@¼ËÄÆÄÆÅxÅx¦a¸¸¨¤U¨Ó¡A»·ªá«B¡A¨ì³B¥Rº¡¤Fª´ºÀªºÄÉ»¡C©h®QÌÁٯɯɥΪ´ºÀªá½s´¦¨ªáÀô¡AõXÃØµ¹¯S¦a±q»·¤è¨Óªº¹C«È¡C¹C¤H̨N¯D¦b¤@¤ùÄÉ»ªºª´ºÀªá®ü¤¤¡A¦Ê¨½ª´½\¤@¤ùÅwÄË¡C
¡@¡@ù°¨¥§¨È¤H¤]¦³¥ÎªáÃØ¤Íªº²ßºD¡C¥L̹ïªá¦â«~ºØ¤£¤ÓÁ¿¨s¡A¦ýÃØªá¼Æ¥Ø²ßºD¤W°e³æ¤£°eÂù¡A¥u¦³¹L¥Í¤é¨Ò¥~¡C
¡@¡@¦b¥_¬ü¡A¤H̹ïªáªº·R¦n§ó¬°±j¯P¡A¨ì³BÁcªá¦üÀA¡A¯ô¯ó¾Q¦a¡C¤H¥Á¯S§O³ß·Rªá´Áªøªºª´ºÀ¡C¬ü°ê¥Õ®cªºª´ºÀ¶é»D¦W©ó¥@¡A³\¦h¥Dn¥~¥æ»ö¦¡³£¦b¦¹Á|¦æ¡C¬ü°ê¤H»Å·RÂAªá¡A¤×³ß¦Û¤vºØªá¡A®a®a¤á¤áºØº¡¤Fªá¯ó¡A¨ì³BÂAªá¦¨¤ù¡Aªá¹ÎÀAÁL¡C¬ü°ê¨C¦~¦³30¦hÓ¸`¤é¡A¦U¤j¸`¤é¤¤¿Ë¤Í¤§¶¡ÃذeÂAªáªº¥eµ´¤j¦h¼Æ¡A¨ä¤¤»¥Û¦Ë§@¬°«n¤Áªá¡A§ó¨ü¨ì¤H̪º¯S§OÃd·R¡C¨C¦~12¤ëªºC½Ï¸`¡B2¤ëªº±¡¤H¸`¡B¬K¤À«áªº´_¬¡¸`¡B5¤ëªº¥À¿Ë¸`¡A¥H¤Î¶°¤¤¦b6¤ë©M8¤ëªº·s±B®b§¡A¨ì³B¥Î»¥Û¦Ë©¼¦¹¯¬ºÖ¡A¤¬±H¤Í±¡¡A¤×¨ä¬O¼öÅʤ¤ªº«C¦~¨k¤k¹ï¥¦§ó¥[¦p¾K¦pè¡Aª§¬Û¤¬°e¡Cªñ¦~¨Ó¤H̦b¶g¥½¨DÁʪá¥cªº¤é¯q¼W¦h¡A³\¦h¤H´Á±æ¦b¶g¥½»P¿ËªB¼°¤ÍÅw»E¡AÅʤH¶g¥½¬Û·|¡A©Î¨ä¥LªÀ¥æ³õ¦X¡A³£Ä@·N¶R¤W´X§ôÂAªá¡A·qÄm¤W¦Û¤vªº¤@¤ù±¡·N¡A©Ò¥H¬ü°êªº¶g¥½ªá¥c¥«³õÀ³¹B¦Ó¥Í¡A¨º¤@ÁLÁL¡A¤@§ô§ô»¥Û¦Ë¡BµµÃ¹Äõ¡B¥Õ¤B»¡B¦Ê¦X¡B°¨¿á½¬¡BÆ{ª÷»µ¥µ¥姹µµ¹ä¬õ¡Aª§©_°«Æv¡C²M»¿@§ªºÂAªá¡A¯É¯É³Q¤H̪§¬Û¶R¥hõXÃØ¿Ë¤Í¡C¬ü°ê¦U¦aÁÙ¦³³\¦hÂAªá¸`¡A¦p¬ü°ê«n³¡ªºªü©Ô¤Ú°¨¦{ªº²ö¤ñº¸¡A¨C¦~3
¤ëªº§ùÃYªá¸`¡F¥[§QºÖ¥§¨È¦{¸t§J©Ôªù¦«ªº¤s¯ùªá¸`¡FµØ²±¹y¤@¦~¤@«×ªºÄåªá¸`¡F5¤ë¤¤¦¯ªº±K°õ¦w´ò¯`ªºÆ{ª÷»ªá¸`¡F®L«Â¦i¦{ªº¤ô¥Pªáªá¸`µ¥µ¥¡A¨C¨ì³o¨Ç¸`¤é¨ì³B¸Ë¹¢ÂAªá¡A¨k¤k¦Ñ¥®Æ[ªá½àªá¡A¦n¤£¼ö¾x¡C
¡@¡@¥[®³¤j¤H¥ÁªºªÀ¥æ¬¡°Ê¤]³£Â÷¤£¶}ÂAªá¡C¦ý¨ì¥[®³¤j§@«È®ÉÀ³ª`·N¤£nÃØ°e¥Õ¦âªº¦Ê¦Xªá¡A¦]¬°¤H̲ߺD¥u¦b¶}°l±¥·|®É¤~¥Î¥Õ¦Ê¦Xªá¡C
¡@¡@©Ô¤B¬ü¬wªº¾¥¦èô¤H¥Á¡A³ß·R¥Õ¦âªºªá¡A¥LÌ¥H¬°¥ÕÃC¦âªºªá¡A¥i¥H®ø°£¤Ì¹B¡C¤]¦³¤@¨Ç©Ô¬ü¤H¥Á§âµâªáµø¬°´d¶Ë©M±â®ðªº¶H¼x¡Aµ´¤£¯à§âµâªá§@¬°Â§»öªá¥c¦b¥Í¤é¡Bµ²±B©M±´µø¯f¤H®É¬Û°e¡C¾Ú³ø¾É¡A«n¬ü¬wªº¤Ú¦è¡A§Ò¿Ð¥Îµµ¦âªá¡C»{¬°µµ¦âªá¬O¤£¦N²»ªº°e¸®Â§ªá¡C¤Ú¦è¤HÁÙµø´Ä¶À¦â¬°¤¿¥ü¶H¼x¡C¦]¬°´Ä¶À¦â¬O°I¸¨ªº¾ð¸ÃC¦â¡A·|µ¹¤H±a¨Ó¤£¦N²»ªº©R¹B¡C®J¤Î¤H¤]³Ì§Ò¿Ð¥Î¶Àªá°e¤H¡C³o¨Ç²ß«U»P§Ṳ́¤µØ¥Á±Ú¥¿¦n¬Û¤Ï¡A§Ú°ê¤H¥Á¤@¦V§â¶À¦â¬Ý§@¬O»P³Ì°ª¶Qªºª÷¤l¤@¼Ë¡A¬O°ª¶Q©MÅv¤Oªº¶H¼x¡A¬O³ß¼y©MÂצ¬ªºªí²{¡C
§Ú°ê°eªá²ß«U
½àªá¬OÃÀ³N¡A¦P¼ËÃØªá¤]¬O¤@ºØ¥Í¬¡ÃÀ³N¡C¦]¬°Ãذeªá¥cªº¥Øªº¬O¥Hªá¬°Â§¡BÁpô±¡·P¡A¼W¶i¤Í½Ë¡C¦]¦¹¤°»ò®ÉÔ°e¤°»òªá¡A¤°»ò³õ¦X¿ï¤°»òªá¡A¤°»òª«¥ó³ßÅw¤°»òªá¡A³£»Ýn®Ú¾Ú¨ãÅ鱡ªp¡A¦]®É¦]¦a¦]ª«¥ó¦Óºë¤ß³]p¡C§_«h¦³®É¦]¦Ò¼{¤£©P¡A©¹©¹¦]ªáºØªá¦âªº§Ò¿Ð¡A¦Ó¾x¥X»~¸Ñ¡A¤Ï¦Ó¥¢¥hõXÃØÂ§»öªá¥cªº¥Øªº¡C
¡@¡@«ö·Ó§Ú°ê¥Á¶¡¬y¶Çªº¤ßºA¡A¤Zªá¦â¬°¬õ¡B¾í¡B¶À¡Bµµªº·x¦âªá©Mªá¦W¤¤§t¦³³ß¼y¦N²»·N¸qªºªá¡A¥i¥Î©ó³ß¼y¨Æ©y¡F¦Ó¥Õ¡B¶Â¡BÂŵ¥´H¦â°¾§N®ðª^ªºªá¡A¤j¦h¥Î©ó¶Ë·P¨Æ©y¡C¦]¦¹¦b³q±`±¡ªp¤U¡A³ß¼y¸`¤é°eªánª`·N¿ï¾ÜÆvÄR¦h±m¡A¼ö±¡©b©ñªº¡FP«s±¥©À®ÉÀ³¿ï²H¶®µÂ¿pªº¡F±´µø¯f¤Hnª`·N¬D¿ï®®¥Ø«ïÀRªº¡C¨ãÅé¦aÁ¿¡G¬K¸`´Á¶¡µ¹¿Ë¤Í°eªán¿ï±a¦³³ß¼y»PÅw¼Ö®ðª^ªºµâªá¡BðÛu»Z¡Bª´ºÀ¡B¤ë©u¡B»¥Û¦Ë¡BÄõªá¡B¼ö±aÄõ¡B¤p»aÄõ¡B¥P«È¨Ó¡B¥Ê¸µâ¡B¤ô¥P¡BÃɤöÄõ¡B°¨¿á½¬¡B¤õÅbªá¡BÅb±æÄõ¡B®çªá¡Bª÷®Üµ¥¡A¨ãÅé°eþºØÁÙn®Ú¾Ú¹ï¤è·R¦n©M¥¿¦b¶}©ñªºÀ³®Éªá¦Ó©w¡C¯¬ºÖªø½ú¥Í¨°¹Ø¤é®É¥i¨Ì¦Ñ¤Hªº·R¦n¿ï°e¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªº¯¬¹Øªá¡A¤@¯ë¤H¥i°eªø¹Øªá¡B¦Ê¦X¡B¸U¦~«C¡BÀtI¦Ë¡B³ø¬Kªá¡B¦N²»¯óµ¥¡FYÁ|¿ì¹Ø¨°¼y¨åªº¥i¿ï°e¥Í¾÷«k«k¡A´J·N²`±¡¡AºÀÄR¦âÆvªºªá¡A¦p¤ë©u¡Bª´ºÀµ¥ªáÄx¡A¥H¥Ü¶©«¡B³ß¼y¡F¹ï·R¦n°ª¶®±¡½ìªº¦Ñ¤H¡A¦p¯à°e¥h¤@¬ÖªQ¬f¡B»È§ö¡B¥jº_µ¥¦W¶Q¼Î´º¡A«h§ó¯àªí¹F¹ïªøªÌ±R·q¤ß±¡¡F»OÆW¤H¥Á¦b¿Ë¤Í©Îªø½ú¥Í¤é®É¡A¦³ªº³ßÅw°e¨d¤¦»Pª´ºÀ¡A¥Hªí¥Ü´IÄR°ó¬Ó¡A¼W²K¹Ø¤é³ß¼y®ðª^¡A¤]¦³¤H³ßÅw±N°ª¼ä¸t¶®ªº±öªá¼Î´º°eµ¹¦Ñ¤H¡A¥Hªí±R·q©M¥õ¼}¤§±¡¡F»´ä¤H¥Á³ßÅw§âªø¹Ø@¶}ªºªQ¬f¡Bªø¹Øªá¡B³ø·³Äõ¡B©ì¾cÄõ¡B¸U¦~«C¡B±`¬KÃõ¥°eµ¹§@¹Øªº¦Ñ¤H¡C¯¬¶P«C¦~¥Í¤é¡A©y¿ï¶H¼x¤õ¬õ¦~µØ¡A«eµ{¦üÀAªº¤@«~¬õ¡B¬õ¦â¤ë©uµ¥¡F¯¬¶P¤¤¦~¿Ë¤Í¥Í¤é¥i°e¥Ûºhªá¡B¤ô¥Pªá¡B¦Ê¦Xªáµ¥µ¥¡C¼öÅʤ¤ªº«C¦~¨k¤k©Î¤Í¤H·s±B¯¬¶P¡A¤@¯ën¿ï°e¬õ¦â©Î¦¶¬õ¦â¡B¯»¬õ¦âªºª´ºÀªá¡BÆ{ª÷»¡B¤õÅbªá¡B¼ö±aÄõ°t¥H¤å¦Ë¡B¤Ñªù¥V¡Bº¡¤Ñ¬Pµ¥¡F©Î¿ï¥Îµâªá¡B¤ë©u¡B¨d¤¦¡BµµÃ¹Äõ¡B»¥Û¦Ë¡B¤p»aÄõ¡B°¨¿á½¬¡B§ß¦ªáµ¥°t¥Hº¡¤Ñ¬P¡B«n¤Ñ¦Ë¡Bªá¸±`¬KÃõ¥²Õ¦¨ªºªá§ô©ÎªáÄx¡A¬J´J·N¤õ¼ö¦N¼y¡A¤SÅã°ª¶®¶Ç±¡¡A¶H¼x·s±B¤Ò°ü±¡·Nºøºø¡A¥ÕÀY°º¦Ñ¡A©¯ºÖ¬ü¦n¡C¤¤°ê¤H°eµ¹¥À¿Ëªºªá¡A°£¤F»¥Û¦Ë¥~¡A¤]¥i¿ï°eðÛu»Z¡B¦Ê¦Xªá¡B¤jÄRªáµ¥¡C¼¢°Ý±´µø¯f¤H®É°e¤°»òªá¦n¡An¨Ì¯f¤HµÊ®ð¸[©Ê¦Ó²§¡C©Ê®æÅw§Öªº¡A¥i¿ï¥ÎðÛu»Z¡Bª´ºÀ¡B¤ë©u¡B¤å¦Ëµ¥²Õ¦¨ªºªá§ô©ÎÀ³®É¬Öªá¡A©Ê®æ¯ÀÀRªº¡A©y¿ï°e¨Ç²M·s«ïÀR¤S¨ã¦³«Õ»ªºÄõªá¡B[²ú¡B¦ÌÄõµ¥¬Öªá¡C¼y¶P¶}·~¼y¨å©Î³ì¾E¤§³ß¡AÀ³¿ï¾ÜºÀÆv¹Ü¥Ø¡Aªá´Á¸ûªøªºªáÄx¡Bªá§ô©Î¬Öªá¡A¦p¤jÄRªá¡Bµâªá¡B¤ë©u¡BðÛu»Z¡B§g¤lÄõ¡B¤s¯ùªá¡B¥|©u®Üµ¥¡A¥H¶H¼x¨Æ·~¸¶ÀÄ˹F¡A¸U¨Æ¦p·N¡C
¡@¡@°eªá¬O¬°¤Fµ¹¤H¼W²KÅw¼Ö®ðª^¡A±a¨Ó©É¯«®®¥ØªºªY³ß±¡·P©MÃÀ³N¬üªº¨É¨ü¡A¦]¦¹nª`·N¬Y¤H¡B¬Y¦a¹ï¬Y¨Çªáªº§Ò¿Ð·«U¡A¥H§K¿ù°e¤Fªá¤Þ°_¹ï¤è¤£§Ö¡C¨Ò¦p¼sªF¡B»´äµ¥¦a¤H¥Á¦]¤è¨¥¿ÓµÃö«Y¡A±´µø¯f¤H®É¤Á¤Å±a¼CÄõ(ðÛu»Z)¡A¦]¡§¼CÄõ¡¨»P¡§¨£Ãø¡¨¿Óµ(·N«ä¬O¤µ«á¦A¨£±Ãø)¡F§ó§Ò¦QÁéªá(˱¾ª÷ÄÁ)¡A¦]¡§¦QÁ顨»P¡§¦Q²×¡¨¿Ó¨¥¡FÁÙ¦³¡§[²ú¡¨»P¡§¨S§Q¡¨¿Óµ¡F±öªáªº¡§±ö¡¨»PË·°ªº¡§Å𡨦Pµ¡A¦]¦¹³o¨Çªá³£¤£©y»´©ö°e¤H¡C¦b»´ä¤UÄݰe¤W¥qÂAªá®É»Ýª`·N¤£n°e¤W¤@§ôª´ºÀ¡A¥H§K¤Þ°_»~·|¡C²§©Ê¦P¨Æ¤§¶¡°eªá¤]n¤p¤ß·V«¡AY¶TµMµ¹¹ï¤è°e¥h¶Àª´ºÀ(¥Nªí§ª§Ò)©Î¬v¤ô¥P(·N«ü¹ï¤è¦Û¤jµê°²)³£¤£§Q¤Í±¡¡C°e¤p»aÄõ®É§Ò¿Ð¬õªá»P¥Õªá¤@°_¬ÛÃØ¡A¦]¬°³o¤£¦N²»¡CÆ{ª÷»ªáÁö¦n¡A¦ý°eÃØ¯f¤H®É§Ò°e¥Õ¦âªá¡C¥t¥~«C¦~¨k¤k¨â©Ê¤§¶¡¤]¤£n»´©ö°e±d¤DÄÉ(»¥Û¦Ë)¡A¥H§K¤Þ°_»~·|¡C¦Ê¦XªáÁö¬O¦N²»ªá¡A¦ý¤k¤èYµ¹¨k¤è°e¤@§ô¶À¦Ê¦X¡A´N¦³«ü³d¹ï¤è¡§µê°²¡B¤£©¾¸Û¡¨¤§·N¡F¨k¤è°e¤k¤è¶À¦Ê¦X¡A¤]¦³¡§¤G¤ß¤G·Nµê±¡°²·N¡¨¤§¶û¡CÄ¢µ¯ªá«Ü¬üÄR¡A¦ý¦pµ¹²§©Ê¹ï¤è°e¥h´Nªí¥Ü¡§¤@¤M¨âÂ_¡A´N¦¹¤À¤â¡¨ªº§t¸q¡C¦¹¥~¡AY°e¤B»ªá¡Aµµ¤B»ªí¥Ü¡§§Ú¤ßÄÝ©ó§A¡¨¡F¦p¿ù°e¤F¥Õ¤B»¡A´Nªí¥Ü¡§n«O«ù¡X¬q¶ZÂ÷¡¨¡C¦b§Ú°ê»OÆW¬Ù¡AY¦V¿ËªBÃØ°e¥Õ¦â©Î¶À¦âµâªá¡A¤@©wn·f°t¤W¨ä¥LÂAÆv«~ºØªºªá¡A¦]¬°¾ã§ô¥Õ¶Àµâªá¡A¦â½Õ§C¨I¡A¦³¼~¶Ë¤§·P¡A®e©öIJ´º¥Í±¡¡A¤Þµo®ø¨I´d§¤ß±¡À³¤©Á×§K¡C´ä»O¤HÁÙª`·N±´µø¯f¤H°eªá¡A©y¿ï¤Öªá¯»©M¿@»¨ë¨ýªºªá¡A¥H§K¤Þ°_¯f¤H±Ó·P©Î¤£¨}¤ÏÀ³¡CY¯f¤H³ß»D»ªá¡A¥i°e¤¤°êÄõªá¡B¦ÌÄõµ¥¨ã¦³²M«Õ»®ðªºªá¡C¥t¥~¡A°eªáªº¼Æ¶q¤]¦³Á¿¨s¡A´ä»O¦a°Ïª`«°eªán°e3¡B6¡B9¤äªá¡A¤×¨äÁ¿¨s°e9¤äªá¡Aªí¥Üªøªø¤[¤[¡C¦ý°eµ¹±¡¤HÂAªá®É«oª`«°e¤@¤äª´ºÀªá¡A¥H¥Ü·R±¡±M¤@¡F¤V¤Ò¦bµ²±B©P¦~¬ö©Àµ¹©d¤l°eªá¤]n°e1¤ä©Î2¤ä¡A¥H´J·N·R±¡±Mª`©MÂùÂù¹ï¹ï¡C
¡@¡@§Ú°ê¬OÓ¦h¥Á±Ú»E©~ªº°ê®a¡A´X¥G¦U¤Ö¼Æ¥Á±Ú¤¤³£¦³¥Îªá§@§ª«¤¬¬ÛõXÃØªº·«U¡C¾Ú¦³Ãö§÷®Æ³ø¾É¡A§Ú°ê¦èÂùª©¯Çªº«¢¥§±Ú¬OÓ·Rªá¥Á±Ú¡A«C¦~¤H¦b½Í±¡»¡·R®É¡A§â¶H¼x©¯ºÖªºÂAªá·í§@±¡®Ñ¤@¼Ë¨Ó¶Ç»¼¡C¨k«C¦~°e¤@§ôÂAªáµ¹©h®Q¡A©h®Q¦p¦^ÃØ¥L¤@§ôÂù¼Æªá¦·ªºªá¡A´Nªí©ú©h®Q¤w¦³¨kªB¤Í¡A©Î¬O¤£³ßÅw³oÓ¨k«C¦~ªº·t¥Ü¡F¦pªG¦^ÃØªº¬O³æ¼Æªá¡A§Yªí¥Ü¦oÁÙ¨S¦³ÅÊ·R¡AÄ@·N¦P³o¦ì¤¸¨k«C¦~µo®iªB¤ÍÃö«Y¡AÂAªá¦¨¤FªíÅS¤ß·Nªº³Ì¦n¶Ç±¡¤è¦¡¡C¶³«nªº±YÀs±Ú©MØV±Ú¦³¡§ªöªá¸`¡¨ªº¶Ç²Î¡A¦~«C¤H¨D·R®É¤W¤s±ÄºK¤B»ªáÃØµ¹ÅʤH¡A¥Hªí¥Ü¹ï·R±¡ªº°ís¤£´ü¡C¥¬®Ô±Ú«C¦~¤¤¦³¥Îªá§@´C¬D¿ï·s®Qªº²ß«U¡C¤Ö¤k̨ì¤F±B¶ù¦~ÄÖ±`§âÂAªá´¡¦b¦Û¤vªº¥]ÀY¤y¤W¡AÅý¨D·Rªº¤p¹Ù¤l¬D¿ï¡C¦pªG¤p¹Ù¤l¬Ý¤¤¤F¬YÓ©h®Q¡A«Kªö¨Ó³¥ªá¬Û°e¡A©h®QY¬Û¤¤¤F³o«C¦~¡A«K§â¦¬¨ìªº±¡ªá´¡¦b¥]ÀY¤y¤W¡AY¬Û¤£¤¤«K§âªá¥á±ó¡Aªí¥Ü¦^©Ú¡C§Ú°êÂU±Ú¤H¥Á¦³Ó´¡ªá¸`ªº²ß«U¡A³o¬O¬°¤F¬ö©À¸Ó±Ú¥j¥N¦³¦ì«}¨Ì¾|ªº¬üÄR©h®Q»P«C¦~Ây¤H¬ÛY¦C¬Û·Rªº¶Ç»¡¦Ó¿ò¯d¤Uªº·«U¡C¨C¦~¨ì¤F2¤ëªì¤K³o¤@¤Ñ¡A¤H¥Á¯É¯É±Ä¶°¦å¬õªº°¨Äå¯óªá´¡¦bªù¤W¡A¥Hªí¥Ü¦N²»¦p·N¡C´¡¦b¦Ñ¤HÀY¤W¯¬ºÖ¦Ñ¤Hªø¹Ø¡C´¡¦b±¡«QµoÃO¤W¡AÄ@¤ß³s²×¥Í¡C«C¦~¤p¹Ù¤l¥®É¤]³ßÅw¥Î°¨Äåªá±´¸Õ©h®Qªº¤ß·N¡A¦p©h®Q¹ï¤p¹Ù¤l¦³·N´N·|¥Î°¨Äåªá¨Ó¦^³ø¡A¨k¤k«C¦~«K¦bÂAªá¶Ç»¼¤¤¼öÅʰ_¨Ó¡C¨ä¥L¦p¤g®a±Ú¡B°ò¿Õ±Úµ¥¤Ö¼Æ¥Á±Ú¤]³£¦³¥Hªá¶Ç±¡ªº²ß«U¡C
¨È¬w°ê®a°eªá²ß«U
¦bªF«n¨È°ê®a¤¤µá«ß»«ªº°¨¥§©Ô¡F®õ°êªº°Ò½\³£¬OÁcªá¦üÀAªº¬üÄR«°¥«¡Cµá«ß»«¤H¥Á¼ö·R[²ú¡A«eÄѤw§@¤F¤¶²Ð¡A³oùؤ£¦AÂØz¡C°Ò½\¤H¥ÎÂAªáªí¹F±¡·P¦³³\¦h¿W¨ì¤§³B¡A
¨Ò¦p°Ò½\¤H¹ï¨Ó³Xªº»««È±`¥Î¶Àº÷±a¡A±N¼ö±aÄõ¡B[²úªá¦ê¦nªººë¬üªáÀô¡A®¥®¥·q·qªº±¾¦b«È¤Hªº²äÀV¤W¡C®õ°ê¬OÓ¦ò±Ð©÷²±ªº°ê®a¡A¨C¤Ñ¦±ßªº¦ò¨Æ¬¡°Ê¡A¤HÌ·|¤Î®É°@¸Û¦a§â§tc±ý©ñªº½¬ªá©ñ¦b¨Ñ®à¤W¡F®õ°ê¤HÁÙ¿w«H¨®¦³¨®¯«¡A²î¦³²î¯«¡A¬°¬è¨D¯«©ú«O¦ö¡A¨®²î¥D¤H¦bÁ{¦æ«eÁ`n§â¼ö±aÄõ½s¦¨ªºªáÀô¡Bªá§ô±¾¦b¨®«e©Î²î
ÀY¡C¦b¶Ç²Î¸`¤éùبC¦~³£Á|¿ì¤ô¿O¸`¡A§âªeùتº¹C²î³£¸Ë¹¢±o¦â±mÄ}¯É¡A¨µÛÆvÄRªA¸Ëªº®õ°ê©h®Q§â¥ÎÂAªá¦ê°_¨ÓªºªáÀô¡Aº¥ý±¾¦b¶Q»«ªº²ä¤l¤W¡A¥Hªí¥ÜÅwªï¡C
¡@¡@¦bªF¥_¨È¡A§Ú°êªºªñ¾FªFÃs¡X¡X¤é¥»¡Aªñ¦~¨Ó¦¨¤FÂA¤Áªá¶i¤fªº¤j°ê¡C1990¦~¤é¥»¨C¤Hªº¦~§¡ÂAªá®ø¯Ó¶q¹F50¬ü¤¸¡A©~¥@¬É¤§«a¡C¤é¥»¨C¦~±q40¦hÓ°ê
®a©M¦a°Ï¶i¤fªá¥c¡C¦b³oӥͬ¡¸`«µ§Öªº°ê«×ùØ¡A¤é¥»¤H¥Á¥®ÉµL·v¹L¦h¥æ©¹±µÄ²¡AÂAªá´N¦¨¤F¶Ç»¼¤Í±¡¡A§ïµ½¤H»ÚÃö«Yªº«n©ó¬q¡C¤£¶È¦b¦UºØ±B³à¶ù°ùªºÂ§»ö¬¡°Ê¤¤n¥Îªá¡A¥®Éªº¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤]Â÷¤£¶}¥HªáÃØ¤Í¡C¡X¯ë¤é¥»¤H³Ì³ßÅw»¥Û¦Ë¤Îª´ºÀªáµ¥¡Cªñ´X¦~¤S·s¿³°_¦UºØ¡§¬vÄõ¼ö¡¨¡A¤°»ò¥Û±ØÄõ¡B¥d¯S§Q¨ÈÄõ¡B¤å¤ßÄõ¡B½¹½º
Äõ¡B¸U¥NÄõµ¥§¡»á¨ü¤HÌ«C·ý¡C¾Ú¤é¥»ªº¥Á·N½Õ¬d²Îp¡A¤é¥»©h®Q³Ì³ß·Rªºªá¬O¡G¬õª´ºÀ¡Bªi´µµâ¡B¤ô¥P¡B¬õ¨d¤¦¡B¦Ê¦Xªá¡BÂȦç¯ó¡B»½Ü¨§ªá¡B¤K¥Pªá¡B¨¢ÃĪá¡B¥Û¦Ëªáµ¥µ¥¡C
¡@¡@³Ì«á¦A¤¶²Ð¤@¨Ç»X¥j¤Hªº°eªá²ß«U¡C¾Ú³ø¹D¡A¦b»X¥j¶Àªá¶H¼x°ª¶Qªº¶Àª÷¡F¬õªá¶H¼xÅw¼Ö¡F¥Õªá¥Nªí¯Â¼ä¡FÂŪáªí¥Ü¥Ã«í¡Fºñªá¶H¼xÁcºa¡C
¡@¡@»X¥j¤H¤¬¬ÛÃØªá®É¹ïªáªº¼Æ¶q»á¦³¦Ò¨s¡G1¦·ªá¥NªíÓ¤H¦W¸q¡F2¦·ªá¶H¼xÂù¤è©M¿Ó¡F3¦·ªáÅé²{¤ßÆF©M¨Å骺²Î¤@¡F4¦·ªáªí¥Ü²`²`ªº·q·N¡C¦pªG¥ÎÂA¤Áªá´¡
ªá¡A¤@¯ëÁ×§K¥Î7©M11¦·ªáªº¼Æ¶q¡C¹ï8©M9¦·ªá´¡¥X¨Óªºªá§ô»{¬°¬O¦N²»ªº¡C¦b®¹²Ïªá§ô©MªáÀô®É¤@¯ë³£±Ä¥Î¥Ý¥»¬ì´Óª«ªº²ôµz¡Aµ´¤£¯à¥Î½u¡A¤×¨ä¤£¯à¥Î¶H¼x¨aÃøÃC¦âªº¶Â½u¿£
²{¥N¸`¤é°eªá
1¡B¥ì©l
¥Î³~¡G ¤¸¥¹¡]¤½¾ä1¤ë1¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G·s¦~¥ì©l¡A¸U¨Æ¦p·N¡A¦n¹B±`¦ñ¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
ªá»y
³DÃ@µâ¡G¦N²»¡AÅw§Ö¡C
ª÷³½¯ó¡GÂE¹B·íÀY¡A³ß¼y¦³¾l¡C
2¡B¯Â±¡
¥Î³~¡G ±¡¤H¸`¡]¤½¾ä2¤ë14¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ·R±¡¡A¯«¸t¡B¯Â¼ä¬O¥@¶¡¥Ã¤£°Iªº¥D±Û«ß¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
ª´ºÀ ±¡¤H¯ó
¦Ê¦X ¤å¦Ë
º¡¤Ñ¬P Äõªá
ªá»y
¦Ê¦X¡G¯Â¼ä¡C
ª´ºÀ¡G¯Â¼äªº·R¡C
¤å¦Ë¡G¥Ã«í¡C
±¡¤H¯ó¡G·R·N¥Ã«í¡C
3¡BÄR¼v
¥Î³~¡G °ü¤k¸`¡]¤½¾ä3¤ë8¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G Ä@¤k©Ê¦ü¨ºÀu¶®°ª¶QªºÄõªá¡A
¦b¤T¤ë¬K©uùجüÄR¡B§Ö¼Ö¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
¾ðÄõ ¦UÃþÄõªá
±d¤DÄÉ »È½¬ªá
º¡¤Ñ¬P ¦Ê¦X
ªá»y
¾ðÄõ¡GÀu¶®±¡½ì¡A¥Rº¡«C¬K¬¡¤O¡C
±d¤DÄÉ¡G·O²»·ÅÄÉ¡A¤£¨D¥N»ùªº¥À·R¡C
»È½¬ªá¡GªY³ß¡C
4¡B¤Ñ¨Ï
¥Î³~¡G Å@¤h¸`¡]¤½¾ä5¤ë12¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ¹³¤Ñ¨Ï¯ëµ¹¯f¤H¥H·R¤ß¡BÃöÃh©M·ÓÅU¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
º¡¤Ñ¬P ¦Ê¦X
±d¤DÄÉ »½Ü¨§
°¨¿á½¬ «D¬wµâ
±Æ¯ó ¸¨·s°ü
µµÃ¹Äõ
ªá»y
±d¤DÄÉ¡G¤k©Ê¤§·R¡C
°¨¿á½¬¡G¥Ãµ²¦P¤ß¡A¦N²»¦p·N¡A¸t¼ä°@¸Û¡C
»½Ü¨§¡G·ÅÄɪº³ß®®¡C
³s¼¡G ª÷±ø¡C
µµÃ¹Äõ¡G¥Ã«íªº¬ü¡C
5¡B¥À·R
¥Î³~¡G¥À¿Ë¸`¡]¤½¾ä5¤ë²Ä¤GÓ¬P´Á¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ¥À¿Ëµ¹¤©¤l¤kºøºø¤£Â_ªº·R»PÃöÃh¡C
¦b5¤ë³oÀéÄꪺ©u¸`ùØ¡AÅý§Ú̹ï¤Ñ
¤U¨¯Wªº¥À¿ËÌ»¡¡G¡§ÁÂÁ±z¡A¶ý¶ý¡C¡¨
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
±d¤DÄÉ ª´ºÀ
¬vÄõ «D¬wµâ
¤Õ³¶¯ó Æ{ª÷»
¤Ñªù¥V Åb±æÄõ
º¡¤Ñ¬P
ªá»y
±d¤DÄÉ¡G·ÅÄÉ¡A¯u¼°¡A°¶¤jªº¥À·R¡C
Äõªá¡G°ª¶Q¡BÀu¶®¡C
¤Õ³¶¯ó¡G¾ë¯À¦ÛµM¡A·Å¬X¡C
¤Ñªù¥V¡G²Ê¤¤¦³²Ó¡A¥~ªí¡§®ð¦t°a©ù¡¨¡A¤S¯à¡§²Ó¤ßÅé¶K¡¨¡C
6¡B§Ö¼Ö
¥Î³~¡G¨àµ£¸`¡]¤½¾ä6¤ë1¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G¨àµ£¸`¬O¤pªB¤Í³Ì§Ö¼Öªº¤é¤l¡A
µL¼~µL¼{ªºµ£¦~¡AÅw¼Ö¡B¯ºÁn
¦ñÀHµÛ«Ä¤l̦¨ªø¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
º¡¤Ñ¬P ¸¿P¯ó
¤õÅb ¤»¥Xªá
ª÷³½¯ó «D¬wµâ
±Æ¯ó ª´ºÀ
¤jªá½µ
ªá»y
ª÷³½¯ó¡Gªá«¬§OP¡A¦ü«¨¼L·L¯º¡A¶H¼x¦³ª÷¦³¾l¡AÂE¹B·íÀY¡C
¤õÅb ¡G¶H¼x¬¡¼â¥i·R¡C
¤jªá½µ¡GÁo©ú¥i·R¡C
7¡BI¼v
¥Î³~¡G ¤÷¿Ë¸`¡]¤½¾ä6¤ëªº²Ä¤TÓ¬P´Á¤Ñ¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ¤÷¿Ë¬O¤l¤k¤ß¥Ø¤¤ªº^¶¯¡A
¤µ¤ÑÄ@³o§ôªá¯à¶Ç¹F¨à¤k
¹ï¤÷¿Ëªº±R·q©M¼ö·R¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
±d¤DÄÉ ª´ºÀ
¥Û±ØÄõ ¤@¸Äõ
º¡¤Ñ¬P
±Æ¯ó
ªá»y
¥Û±ØÄõ¡G·O·R ¡A¤÷·R¤§ªá¡C
±d¤DÄÉ ¡G¿Ë±¡¡C
¤@¸Äõ¡G¥Ã«O«C¬K¡C
8¡B®¦®v
¥Î³~¡G±Ð®v¸`¡]¤½¾ä9¤ë10¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ®v®¦¦ü®ü¡A¦Ñ®vµ¹¤©¾Ç¥ÍªºÃöÃh
»P·RÅ@¡A¾Ç¥Í²×¥ÍÃø§Ñ¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
¦V¤é¸ª ª´ºÀ
±d¤DÄÉ Åb±æÄõ
±Æ¯ó °¨¿á½¬
ªá¤ò×[
ªá»y
±d¤DÄÉ¡G¥À·R¡C
¦V¤é¸ª ¡G·q¼}¡A¥ú½÷¡C
ªá¤ò×[¡G°ª¶Q¡A¨å¶®¡C
9¡B¬èë
¥Î³~¡G ¸t½Ï¸`¡]¤½¾ä12¤ë25¤é¡^
ªá§ô¡]Äx¡^¤¤¤ß·N¸q¡G ¦b¸t½Ï¸`³o§Ö¼Öªº¤é¤lùØ¡A®´¥h§Úªº¯¬ºÖ¡C
¿ï¥Îªá§÷ ´À¥Nªá§÷
¤@«~¬õ °¨¿á½¬
¦Ê¦X ¤õÅb
½´µÜÃP Åb±æÄõ
ªá»y
¤@«~¬õ¡G´¶¤Ñ¦P¼y¦@¶P·s¥Í¡C
¦Ê¦X¡G¸t¼ä¡C
ªá»P³õ¦X
µ²±B¼y¨å
¡X¡X¡@ÃC¦âÂAÆv¥B´I§tªá»yªÌ³Ì¨Î¡A¥i¼W¶iù°Ò¸¦§J®ðª^¡A
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¦p¦Ê¦X´J·N¦Ê¦~¦n¦X¡A¤Ñ°ó³¾´J·N ¦N²»¦p·N
Ä_Ä_½Ï¥Í ¡X¡X¡@¦â¿A²H¶®¥B´I²M»ªÌ¬°©y¡Aªí¥Ü·Å·x¡B²M·s¡B°¶¤j
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¦pÁ¥Á¨¡BÂúµâ¡B¬P§Îªáµ¥
¯¬¶P¥Í¤é ¡X¡X¡@ÃØ°e¥Í¤éªá³Ì¬°¶K¤Á¡Aª´ºÀ¡Bµâªá¡BÄõªá¡B¬Ö®â¥ç
¥i¡Aªí¥Ü¥Ã»·¯¬ºÖ
¶}±i¤j¦N ¡X¡X¡@±Ä¥ÎÃC¦âÆvÄRªºªáÀô¡BªáÄx¡Aªí¥Ü½÷·×Ä˹F
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¾A¦Xªá¦·ºÓ¤jµØÄRªºªá¡A¦p¬vÄõ¡B ª´ºÀ¡B±d¤DÄɵ¥
³ì¾E¤§³ß ¡X¡X¡@ÃØ°eë°ª¶Qªá¤ì¡A¦p¼CÄõ¡Bª´ºÀ©Î¬Ö®â¡B¬Ö´º¡A
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¥H¥Ü¶©«¤§·N
·s¬K¨Î¸` ¡X¡X¡@ÃPªK¡B±öªá¡Bµâªá¡BÄõªá¡B¬Ö®â©y¡A¶H¼x°ís¡B´I
¶Q¡B³Ó§Q
±´±æ¯f¤H ¡X¡X¡@¼CÄõ¡Bª´ºÀ¡BÄõªá§¡©y¡AÁ×§K°e¥Õ¡BÂÅ¡B¶À¤§¦â»P
»¨ý¡B³¥¨ý¹L¿@ªºªá¡Anª`·N §Ò°eªº¼Æ¥Ø¡G4¡B9¡B13
±¥©À³uªÌ ¡X¡X¡@¥Õª´ºÀ¡B±÷¤lªá¡B¥Õ½¬ªá©Î¯Àªá§¡¥i¡A¶H¼x±{±¤¡B
Ãh©À¤§±¡ªá»P³õ¦X
2¡Bµ²±B¼y¨å
¡X¡X¡@ÃC¦âÂAÆv¥B´I§tªá»yªÌ³Ì¨Î¡A¥i¼W¶iù°Ò¸¦§J®ðª^¡A
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¦p¦Ê¦X´J·N¦Ê¦~¦n¦X¡A¤Ñ°ó³¾´J·N ¦N²»¦p·N
Ä_Ä_½Ï¥Í ¡X¡X¡@¦â¿A²H¶®¥B´I²M»ªÌ¬°©y¡Aªí¥Ü·Å·x¡B²M·s¡B°¶¤j
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¦pÁ¥Á¨¡BÂúµâ¡B¬P§Îªáµ¥
¯¬¶P¥Í¤é ¡X¡X¡@ÃØ°e¥Í¤éªá³Ì¬°¶K¤Á¡Aª´ºÀ¡Bµâªá¡BÄõªá¡B¬Ö®â¥ç
¥i¡Aªí¥Ü¥Ã»·¯¬ºÖ
¶}±i¤j¦N ¡X¡X¡@±Ä¥ÎÃC¦âÆvÄRªºªáÀô¡BªáÄx¡Aªí¥Ü½÷·×Ä˹F
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¾A¦Xªá¦·ºÓ¤jµØÄRªºªá¡A¦p¬vÄõ¡B ª´ºÀ¡B±d¤DÄɵ¥
³ì¾E¤§³ß ¡X¡X¡@ÃØ°eë°ª¶Qªá¤ì¡A¦p¼CÄõ¡Bª´ºÀ©Î¬Ö®â¡B¬Ö´º¡A
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¥H¥Ü¶©«¤§·N
·s¬K¨Î¸` ¡X¡X¡@ÃPªK¡B±öªá¡Bµâªá¡BÄõªá¡B¬Ö®â©y¡A¶H¼x°ís¡B´I
¶Q¡B³Ó§Q
±´±æ¯f¤H ¡X¡X¡@¼CÄõ¡Bª´ºÀ¡BÄõªá§¡©y¡AÁ×§K°e¥Õ¡BÂÅ¡B¶À¤§¦â»P
»¨ý¡B³¥¨ý¹L¿@ªºªá¡Anª`·N §Ò°eªº¼Æ¥Ø¡G4¡B9¡B13
±¥©À³uªÌ ¡X¡X¡@¥Õª´ºÀ¡B±÷¤lªá¡B¥Õ½¬ªá©Î¯Àªá§¡¥i¡A¶H¼x±{±¤¡B
Ãh©À¤§±¡
³q®ü¿¤º¦¸¶i¦æª´ºÀªá·s«~ºØ¥Ó³ø¹ê¼f
3¡B¡@
¡@³q®üÄR³£ªá¥c¦³¤½¥q¬O¤@Ó¶°¬ì¬ã¡B¥Í²£¡B¾P°â©MªA°È¬°¤@Å骺¦a¤èÀsÀY¥ø·~¡C¬°¤F´£¤Éª´ºÀªáªºÀɦ¸©M¥«³õÄvª§¤O¡A±À°Ê³q®ü¿¤ª´ºÀªá²£·~µo®i¡A³q®ü¿¤¬ì§Þ§½À°§U¤½¥q¿n·¥¦V¶³«n¬Ù¬ì§ÞÆU¥Ó½Ð¶µ¥Ø¤ä«ù¡C2003¦~6¤ë¡A¡§¶³«n¥Dn¥~¾Pªá¥c¤ë©u³Ð«~µPºî¦X§Þ³N¶°¦¨¬ã¨s»PÀ³¥Î¡¨¶µ¥Ø³Q¥ß¬°¬Ù¬ì§Þ§ðÃöp¹º¶µ¥Ø¡A§ë¤J¬Ù¬ì§Þ¸g¶O80¸U¤¸¡A±a°Ê¥ø·~§ë¤J661¸U¤¸¡C
¡@¡@¶µ¥Ø±Ò°Ê«á¡A¦b¬Ù¥«¿¤¬ì§ÞºÞ²z³¡ªùªº«ü¾É¤U¡A³q®üÄR³£ªá¥c¦³¤½¥qºë¤ß²Õ´¡A»{¯u¹ê¬I¡A¬ã¨s»s©w¤Fª´ºÀªáªº¼Ð·Ç¤Æ®â°ö§Þ³N³Wµ{¡Bªö«á³B²z¡B¥]¸Ë¡B«OÂA
©M¹B¿éµ¥§Þ³N¡A¤j´T«×´£°ª¤F¥X¤fª´ºÀ¦X®æ²v¡A¦¨¬°¶³«n¬Ùªá¥c©ç½æ¥«³õ¤¤¨Ñ³f¶q³Ì¤j¡B©ç½æ»ù³Ì°ª¡B¬y©ç³Ì¤Ö¡B½è¶q³Ìéwªºªá¥c¥Í²£¥ø·~¡C¦P®É°w¹ï¤¤°êª´ºÀªá«~ºØ¸¨«á©ó¼Ú¬ü°ê®aªº²{ª¬¡A¤½¥q¦¨¥ß¤Fª´ºÀªá¨|ºØ¬ì§Þ¬ãµo¤p²Õ¡A¥ý«á±q¼w°ê¡Bªk°ê¡B²üÄõ¡B¤é¥»µ¥°ê®a¤Þ¶iª´ºÀªá·s«~ºØ60¦hÓ¡C³q¹LªÞÅܺؿï¨|¥X5ÓÅܲ§
ºØ¡A±NÅܲ§ºØ¸g¹L¦h¦¸Éæ´¡Ác´Þ¿ï¨|¥X·s«~ºØ5Ó¡C§Y±q¶ÂÅ]¤ì¤¤¿ï¨|¥X¶®Ä¬®RÅܲ§ºØ¡F±q«N¤k®Ô¤¤¿ï¨|¥X¶®¬üÅܲ§ºØ¡F±qªk°ê¬õ¤¤¿ï¨|¥X¦Ì¶®Åܲ§ºØ¡A±qºû¦è§Q¦è¤¤¿ï¨|¥X¶³º³Åܲ§ºØ¡F±q©¬ùؼڤ¤¿ï¨|¥X¦ãÄRÅܲ§ºØ¡C
¡@¡@®Ú¾Ú·s«~ºØ¼f©wµ{¦¡¡A°ê®aªL·~§½´Óª«·s«~ºØ«OÅ@¿ì¤½«Ç¦b§¹¦¨¹ïÄR³£¤½¥q¥Ó³ø§÷®Æªº§Î¦¡¼f¬d¡B±M®aªì¼f©M¤½§i¥b¦~«á¡A©ó5¤ë24¤é¡AÁܽФ¤°ê¹A¬ì°|ªá¥c
¬ã¨s©Ò¡B¥_¨ÊªL·~¤j¾Ç¡B¤¤°ê¬ì¾Ç°|©ø©ú´Óª«¬ã¨s©Ò¡B¶³«n¬ÙªL·~ÆU¡B¶³«n¬Ù¹A¬ì°|ªºªá¥c±M®a²Õ¦¨±M®a©eû·|¡A¹ï³q®ü¿¤ÄR³£ªá¥c¦³¤½¥q°ö¨|ªº5Óª´ºÀªá·s«~ºØ¶i¦æ·s«~ºØ¹ê¦a¹ê½è¼f¬d¡A§Ú¿¤³³PªF°Æ¿¤ªø©M¥«¿¤¬ì§Þ§½ªº»â¾ÉÀ³Áܰѥ[¤F·|ij¡C±M®a©eû·|³q¹L²{³õ¬d¬Ý¡BÅ¥·J³ø©M¹ï·s«~ºØ¯S¼x¯S©Êªº¦Ò¹î¤Î¬ÛÀÀª´ºÀªáªº
©Êª¬¤ñ¸û¡A¦P·N©Ò¥Ó³øªº5ÓÅܲ§ºØ³q¹L¹ê½è¼f¬d¡A«Ý¶i¤@¨B§¹µ½§÷®Æ«á±Â¤©·s«~ºØÃҮѡC
¡@¡@¾Ú±x¡A§Ú°êªL·~·s«~ºØ¥Ó½Ð«OÅ@¶q©~¥@¬É²Ä¤T¡A¦@¥Ó½Ð330¦h¥ó¡A¨ä¤¤¦³85¥ó¬°°ê¥~¨|ºØ¤H¥Ó½Ð¡C³o¦¸³q®ü¿¤¥Ó½Ðªº5Óª´ºÀ·s«~ºØ³q¹L¹ê¼f¡A¾Ö¦³¤F¦Û¥D
ª¾ÃѲ£Åv¡A¬°§Ú¿¤ªºª¾ÃѲ£Åv«OÅ@¤u§@¼W²K¤F·sªº¤º®e¡A¬°´£°ª¥ø·~ªºÄvª§¤O¡A±À°Ê³q®ü¿¤¸U¯aª´ºÀªá²£·~ªºµo®i³þ©w¤F°í¹êªº¬ì§Þ°ò¦¡C
®öº©ªá»y
ªá¬O¤@ºØ»y¨¥,¦p¦ó¥¿½Tªº¨Ï¥Î³oºØ»y¨¥,¤]¬O¤@ªù¾Ç°Ý¡C
ªá ¦W ´J ·N
ª´ºÀ ¬üÄR¯Â¼äªº·R±¡
±d¤DÄÉ °¶¤j¡B¯«¸t¡B·O²»ªº¥À¿Ë
¾í¬õª´ºÀ ªìÅʪº¤ß±¡
¬õ±d¤DÄÉ ¯¬¥À¿Ë°·±dªø¹Ø
¥Õª´ºÀ ¯Â¼ä»P°ª¶Q
¯»±d¤DÄÉ ¯¬¥À¿Ë¥Ã»·¦~»´¡A¬üÄR
¯»ª´ºÀ ªìÅÊ¡A¯S§OªºÃöÃh
¶À±d¤DÄÉ ªø¤[ªº¤Í½Ë
¶Àª´ºÀ ºp·N
¥Õ±d¤DÄÉ ¯Â¼äªº¤Í½Ë
¬õª´ºÀ ¼öÅÊ¡A¯u¤ß¹ê·N
¦Ê¦Xªá ¦Ê¦~¦n¦X¡A¤ß¤ß¬ÛÀ³
¬õ´x ¤j®i§»·u
¤õ¦Ê¦X ¼ö¯Pªº·R
ª÷³½¯ó ¦³ª÷¦³¾l¡AÁcºa©÷²±
¶À¦Ê¦X °J¤ß¯¬ºÖ
¬õª÷³½¯ó ÂE¹B·íÀY
¯»ª÷³½¯ó ªá¦n¤ë¶ê
¶Àª÷³½¯ó ª÷»Èº¡°ó
½¹½ºÄõ §Ú·R§A
µµª÷³½¯ó ¤j¬õ¤jµµ
°¨¿á½¬ ¥Ãµ²¦P¤ß¡A¦N²»¦p·N
Æ{ª÷» ·Rªº§i¥Õ¡A¯u¼°ªº±¡·P
¤ô¥P °ª¶®¡A²M¶h¡AªâªÚ²æ«U
¯»·«H¤l ¶É¼}¡B®öº©
¬õ·«H¤l Åý§Ú·P°Êªº·R
¶ÂÆ{ª÷» ¯«¯µ¡A°ª¶Q
¤Å§Ñ§Ú ¿@±¡«p·N¡A¥Ã«íªº¤Í½Ë
µµÆ{ª÷» ¥Ã¤£¿i·Àªº·R±¡
¥Û¦Ë ©b©ñ¡A¤Û·Q
¯»Æ{ª÷» ©¯ºÖ
¥Û±ØÄõ ·O·R¡A¯¬ºÖ¡A³ß®®
¶ÀÆ{ª÷» ©Úµ´¡AµL±æªº·R
µâªá °ª¼ä¡Aªø¹Ø
·«H¤l ³Ó§Q
º¡¤Ñ¬P ¯u¤ß¡A¯Â¼ä
¶À·«H¤l ©¯ºÖ¡A¬üº¡
§ùÃY Æv¬üµØÄR¡A¥Í·N¿³¶©
¥Õ·«H¤l ¤£´±ªíÅSªº·R
¤Ñ°ó³¾ ¼öÅʤ¤ªº±¡«Q
ÂAªá«OÂA
ªán«O«ù·sÂAªø¤[,»Ýn±zºë¤ßªºÅ@¾i.
¨`µJªk
§âªáªKªº¥½ºÝ©ñ¦bÄúÀë¤õµK¤W¿NµJ«á¡A¥ß§Y©ñ¨ì°sºëùØ®û¤@¤ÀÁé¡A¦A©ñ¨ì²M¤ô¤¤º}²M¡C¸²y¡B¤B»¡B¤ì»¡B¨¢ÃÄ¡B¤ë©u¡Bµâªá¡B¶H¤ú¬õµ¥§¡¥i¥Î¦¹ªk³B²z¡C
®û¿Sªk
±NªáªK°ò³¡®û¤Jªm¤ô¬ù¤Q¬íÁé¡A°_¨ìªý¶ë¤Á¤f¡A¨¾¤îªáªK²Õ´¤¤²G¥Ä¥~·¸ªº§@¥Î¡C
±þµßªk
¦b¤ô¤¤©ñ¤J°sºë¡BKMnO4¡B¼Ì¸£¡B¸N»Ä¡BÂfÂc»Ä¡BÆQ¡B©úÄsµ¥³£¥i¥H°_¨ì±þµß§@¥Î¡A°¦¦³¤ô¤£»GÄê¡A´Óª«¤~¯à§l¤ô«OÂA¡Cª`¡G¤@©w°t¦¨·»²G«á¦A¥Î¡A¤£¥i¥¼¸g·»¸Ñª½±µ©ñ¤J¤ô¤¤¡A¥ÎÆQ®Éª`·N¿@«×¤£¥i¤Ó¤j¡C
Àç¾iªk
ÂAªá±q¥ÀÅé¤W°Å¤Á«á¡A´N¥¢¥h¤FÀç¾i·½¡A¥i¥[¤J¿}¡B°à°s¡Bªü¥q¤ÇªL¡Bºû¥Í¯ÀCµ¥¦UÃþÀç¾iª«½è¡C
²`¤ô«æ±Ïªk
ÂAªá««ÀY®É¡A¥i°Å¥hªáªK¥½ºÝ¤@¤p¬q¡A¦A©ñ¨ì²±º¡§N¤ôªº®e¾¹¤¤¡A¶È¯dªáÀYÅS©ó¤ôÄÑ¡A¸g¤@¦Ü¤G¤p®É¡AªáªK´N·|Ĭ¿ô¹L¨Ó¡C¦¹ªk¹ï¯ó¥»¡B¤ì¥»ªá¥c§¡¾A¥Î¡C
¥Î«OÂA¾¯ªk
¦b´¡ªáªº®e¾¹¤¤¥[¤J¾A¶qªºÂAªá«OÂA¾¯¡A¯à©µªø´¡ªá®É¶¡¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥Î¤T¤d¤À¤§¤@ªºªü¥q¤ÇªL¤ô·»²G©Î¤G¤d¤À¤§¤@ªº°ª¿ø»Ä¹[¤ô·»²G´¡ÛuÄõ¯à©µªøªá´Á¤T¦Ü¤¤Ñ¡A¥[¾A¶qªº¸N»Ä¡B²¸ÁD¡B¥ÛºÒ»Ä¡B¤ô·¨»Ä¡B¹ÆQ¡Bºû¥Í¯Àµ¥¡A§¡¦³©µªøªá´Áªº§@¥Î¡C
ÂX¤j¤Á¤fªk
¤@¯ë±NªáªK°ò³¡±×¤Á¡F©Î±N°ò³¡å¦¨¤G¦Ü¥|¥÷¡A´O¤J¤p¥Û²É¼µ¶}µõ¤f¡F¤]¥iÁèÀ»µõ°ò³¡¡AÂX¤j§l¤ôÄÑ¡C¨ä¤¤±×¤Áªk³Ì¬°±`¥Î¡A«á¨âºØ¥Dn¥Î©ó¤ì¥»ªá¥c¡A¦p¥ÉÄõ¡B¸²y¡B¤B»¡BµµÃÃ
¼QÅé\ª`®gªk ¹ï©ó³\¦h²ô¤¤ªÅªºªá¥c¡A¥i§âªá¸}³¡¦ì©ñ¦b¤ôÀsÀY¤U±j¦æÄé¤ô¼Ò¼Ë¡C
¼y¨å¥Î»y
¤@¦~¥|©u¡A²³¦h¸`¤é¡A¬°¸`¤é²K±m¡A§@¬°Â§»ö¤§¨¹ªº¤¤°êÁ`¬O·|¥Î¤@¨Ç¥|¦r¦¨»y§@¬°¶Pµü¡A¤Ó¶§¥Û¬°±z·j¶°¤F¤@¨Ç¡A¥H«K±z¦b¬D¿ïªá«~ªº®ÉԨϥΡC
¶P·s±B
¤Ñ§@¤§¦X ¤ß¤ß¬Û¦L ¥Ãµ²¦P¤ß ¬Û¿Ë¬Û·R ¦Ê¦~¦n¦X ¥Ã¯D·Rªe ¨Î°¸¤Ñ¦¨ ©y«Ç©y®a ¥ÕÀY°º¦Ñ
¦Ê¦~µ^·æ ¦Ê¦~°º¦Ñ ªá¦n¤ë¶ê ºÖ¸SÀpÀm ¤Ñ½t¥©¦X ¬üº¡¨}½t ¦¤~¤k»ª ¥ÊÒ¼©µºø ±¡§ë·N¦X
¤Ò°Û°üÀH ¯]Áp¾À¦X »ñ°Ä©ó¸ ¬üº¡®a¶é µ^·æ¦X»ï ¬Û·q¦p»« ¦P¼w¦P¤ß ¦p¹ªµ^·æ ªá¶}¨Ã¸¦
½lµ²¨}½t ½tq¤T¥Í ¦¨®a¤§©l ÀpÀm¾À¦X ¤å©w¦N²» «Ã½t¬Û°t ¥Õº¦¨¬ù ²×¨¤§·ù ·ùµ²¨}½t
¯¬¨k¤k¹Ø
¤E¦p¤§¹| ÃP¬fªø«C ºÖ¦pªF®ü ¹Ø¤ñ«n¤s «n¤sÄm¹| ¤é¤ëªø©ú ¯¬µL¶q¹Ø Åb¹Ø²K¹Ø ©^ÂÒ¤W¹Ø
®ü«Î²K¹Ø ÃPªL·³¤ë ¼ylºßÃ¥ ÁO®q¬K· ¹Ø«°§»¶} ¼yl¸©Ã¥ ¤Ñ½ç¯Â°² ®ÊÀ冀ÄÖ ºÙÂÒ¯¬°²
¯¬¤Ò©dÂù¹Ø
ºÖ¸SÂù¬P ¤é¦~°º¦Ñ ¤Ñ¤WÂù¬P Âù¬P¨Ã½÷ ÃP¬f¦P¬K µØ°ó°º¦Ñ ®ç¶}³s²z ÂE®×»ô¬Ü ·¥Ø¸Áp½÷
Åbºâ¦P²K ¹Ø°ì¦Pµn Ýϸ©¨ÃZ ®a¤¤¥þºÖ ¤Ñ¤WÂù¬P
¯¬¨k¹Ø
ªF®ü¤§¹Ø «n¤s¤§¹Ø ªe¤s¦P¹Ø «n¤s¦P¹Ø ¤Ñ«O¤E¦p ¦p¤é¤§¤É ®ü«Î²K¹Ø ¤Ñ½ç¹IÄÖ ¹Ø¤ñÃPÄÖ
¹Ø´I±d¹ç ¬P½÷«n½÷ ¯Ï^±æ«
¯¬¤k¹Ø
¤ý¥Àªø¥Í ºÖ®ü¹Ø¤s ¥_°ó¸©Z ·O¦Ë·©M ¬P½÷Ä_ظ ¸©®x¶°¼y ÂÏ®çÄm¹| Â{»Õªø¬K ¬Ü¹ØÃC°ó ¸©ªá®¼¨q ظ±JÄ˽÷
¶P¥Í¤l
¤Ñ½ç¥ÛÅï ³Ú¸Õ^Án ¥ÛÅï§e±m §Ë¼ý¼x³ß ¼wªù¥Í½÷ ºµ¹Ú§e²» ©ú¯]¤J¤â §Ë¥Ë¼x²» ¤k¬É¼W½÷ ³ß¤ñîn´µ ½÷¼W±m®®
¶PÂù¥Í¤l
ÂùªÛÄv¨q ¾À¦XÁp¯] ¥É¾ðÁpªâ ´Å´ÐÁp½÷ ¯ZÁp¥É¯û ªá¸°ªYºa
¶P·s©~¸¨¦¨
¨q_ÄõªÞ ¥É¯û§e²» ¥ÊÒ¼©µ²» ¹~®yÄËÅw Äõ¶¥²K³ß Åa¾E³ì¤ì ¿P¤J°ª¼Ó ¥É¯û§e²» »ï»ñ´Ï±ï
¿P¶P¼w¾F «Ç±µ«C¶³ °óºc¼W½÷ µØ·H¶}·s ª÷¥Éº¡°ó ·s°ò¹©©w °óºc§ó·s ·ØµM¤@·s
¶P°Ó©±¶}¹õ
Â@·~»F¿³ ¤j®i¸gºú ¸U°Ó¶³¶° Â@·~¤é·s Â@·~±R¶© ¤j®iÂE¹Ï ·½»·¬yªø Â@·~§»¶} ³³¦¶·B¬ü
¶U°]ùÚ¨¬ ¨}¸V¾Ü¤ì ³ì¤ìÅaÁn ¼w¥²¦³¾F
¶Pª÷¿Ä¬É
¸Î°ê§Q¥Á ªYªY¦Vºa »²¾É¤u°Ó ª÷¿Ä¼Ï¯Ã ªA°È¤H¸s «H¥Î¨ôµÛ ¦w©w¸gÀÙ ºÖ°ê»s¥Á ÁcºaªÀ·|
³q°Ó´f¤u ¹ê·~©÷¶© «H§·¤¤¥~
¶PÂå¬É
¸U¯f¦^¬K ¬¡¤HÀÙ¥@ ¥\¦P¨}¬Û ¤¯¤ß¨}³N µÛ¤â¦¨¬K µØªû§®³N ¨}¬Û¨Âå ¯f¤HºÖµ ¤¯z¶W¸s Âå³Nºë´ï ³Nºë§Á¶À
ÃØ¬F¬É
¬F³q¤H©M ¬°°ê¬°¥Á ³yºÖ¤H¸s Â×¥\°¶ÁZ ¤f¸O¸ü¹D ¼w¬F¥i· ¥\¦b®á±ê µ½¬F¿Ë¥Á ¬FÁZ´´µM ³yºÖ¦a¤è ¤½¥¿·G©ú ¸U²³¦@´Ü
¶P·í¿ï
¦Ûªv¤§¥ú ²³±æ©ÒÂk ¬°¥Á³ï¦Þ ¬°¥Á«e¾W §»´ªkªv »²¬F¾É¥Á ¥Á¥D¤§¥ú ¬°¥Á³yºÖ ½Íªá¥c¹ï¤ß²zªº§@¥Î
ªñ´X¦~¨Ó¤W®ü¤H¹ïªá¥cªº®ø¶O¤ñ¨Ò³v¨B¤W¤É¡C³o»¡©ú¡AÀHµÛºë¯«¤å©ú«Ø³]¡A¤H̥Ϊá¨Ó³³§M±¡¾Þ¡Aר¾i©Ê¤éÁÍ´¶¹M¡C¥H«e¡Aªá³¾¥«³õ¤¤¥H¦Ñ¦~¤H¬°¦h¡A¦Ó²{¦b¡A·R»Pªá¥c¬Û³Bªº¤£¶È¬O¦~¦Ñªº¡A³\¦h¦~»´¤H¤]¥[¤J¦¹¦æ¦C¡C¬Ý¨Ó¡A¦b§Ö¸`«µªº²{¥N¥Í¬¡¤¤¡Aªá¥c¹ï¤Hªº¤ß¨°·±d°_¤F¤@©w§@¥Î¡C
¡@¤HÌÁ`¬O»Ýn¦b¥Í¬¡¤¤²K¥[¤@¨Ç²M·s¡A´X¤À¦ÛµM¡C¨«¿Ë³X¤Í¡A¤HÌ·|¿ï¾Ü¤£¦Pªºªá¥c§@¬°Â§ª«¡A¤£¦Pªºªá¦³¤£¦Pªº§t¸q¡A¬°¾A¦X¤£¦P»Ýn¡A·í¦]¤H¦Ó²§¡C¦b¥j¥N¡A
¤H̹ïªá¥cªº´J·N´N¦³¬ã¨s¡A¥j¤H§âÃP¡A¦Ë¡A±ö³ë¬°¡§·³´H¤T¤Í¡¨¡A±ö¡A¦Ë¡AÄõ¡Aµâ¡A³ë¬°¡§¥|§g¤l¡¨¡A¨d¤¦¡A®ü´Å¡A¥ÉÄõ¬Û°t¡A³ë·N¥É°ó´I¶Q¡Cð¥N¸Ö¸t§õ¥Õ¦³
¡§²M¤ô¥XªÜ»T¡A¤ÑµM¥hÀJ¹¢¡¨ªº¸Ö¥y¡A«á¤H¤]±`¥Î¡§¥X¤ôªÜ»T¡¨¨Ó¤ñ³ë¯Â¼ä¬ü»ªªº¤Ö¤k¡C§º¥N¤å¾Ç®a©P´°À[·R½¬¦¨Â}¡A¼g¡m¨ü½¬»¡¡n¡AºÙÆg½¬ªá¡§¥X¦¾ªd¦Ó¤£¬V¡Aêø
²Mº§¦Ó¤£§¯¡¨¡C¾ä¥Nªº¤å¤H¶®¤hÌÁÙ½s»s¤F¤Q¤GӤ몺¡§ªá¾ä¡¨¡C¤£¶È¦b¤¤°ê¡A¥@¬É¤W³\¦h°ê®a¤]§â¦UºØªá¥c¡§¤H®æ¤Æ¡¨¡A¦³¨ä¦U¦Ûªºªá»y¡AÁ`¤§¡A¥j¤µ¤¤¥~¡A·Rªá¤§¤ß¡A¤H¬Ò¦³¤§¡C¨Ã¥BºØ´Ó¤@¨Çªá¯ó¾ð¤ì¡A¯àµ¹¤H¤ß²z±a¨Ó¯q³B¡C
¡@º¥ý¡A¹ïªá¥cªº®â°ö¯à´£°ª»{ª¾¯à¤O¡C»{ª¾¯à¤O¬OÓÅé¤Ï¬M«ÈÆ[¨Æª«ªº¯S¼x©MÁp«Y¯à¤O¡Cª¾Ä±©M·Pı¬O¤ß²z¾Ç¬ã¨sªº«n»â°ì¡Cª¾Ä±¬O¦b·Pıªº°ò¦¤W²£¥Íªº¡A¥]
§tµÛ¾ãÅ骺¤Ï¬M¡F¦Ó·Pı¬O¹ï¨Æª«Ó§OÄݩʪº¤Ï¬M¡CYºØ´Ó¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº´Óª«¡Aº¥ýn§PÂ_¥X¨äºØÃþ¡BÄݩʡB³ß¦n¡A¦A®Ú¾Ú¦Û¤vªº»{ª¾µ{«×¨Ó°ö¨|¡C¦b°ö¨|¹Lµ{¤¤Æ[¹î¨ä¥Íªø¨ÓÃÒ¹ê¦Û¤vªº»{ÃÑ¡A¤£Â_§ï¶i¡C³o¬O¹ï°ö¨|ªÌ»{ª¾ªº°ö¾i¡CÁö¤£¬Oµu®É¶¡¨£®Ä¡A¦ýªø´Áªº°ö¾i©¹©¹¨Ï¯à¤Oªº´£°ªÃ©T¶i¦æ¡C
¡@²Ä¤G¡A¹ïªá¥cªº°ö¾i¥i¥H´£°ªª`·N¯à¤O¡Cª`·N¯à¤O¬O«üÓÅé¤ß²z¬¡°Ê¹ï¤@©w¹ï¶Hªº«ü¦V©M¶°¤¤ªº¯à¤O¡Cª`·N¯à¤O¦³¿ï¾Ü¥\¯à¡Xª`·Nªº°ò¥»§@¥Î¦b©ó¹ï¸ê°T¶i¦æ¿ï
¾Ü¡C¥¦¬O¤ß²z¬¡°Ê¿ï¾Ü¦³·N¸qªº²Å¦X»Ýnªº¤@ºØ¬¡°Ê¨ë¿E¡C¥¦¤S«O«ù¶i¤J¤j¸£ªº¸ê°T«ù¤[¡C¥¦¹ï¬¡°Êªº½Õ¸`©MºÊ±±¦³¤@©w¥\¯à¡C¥¦¬O¤Ḩ¹¦¨¬¡°Êªº«n«OÃÒ¡C¦b°ö¾iªá¥c®É¡A¤HÌ·|¸û¥J²Ó¦a¹î±´ªá¡B²ô¡B¸¡BªGªº¥Íªø¯SÂI¡AÆ[¹î¨ä¥Í¬¡²ß©Ê¡A¦³ªºªá¥c«Ü¼b¹à¡A»ÝnµL·L¤£¦Üªº¨þÅ@¡A³o´N»Ýn¶°¤¤ª`·N¤O¡F§Y¨Ï¦³ªºªá¥c«Ü¦n
¾i¡A¦ýYªø´Á¥Ñ©ó¥D¤H¹ï¥¦ªº¤gÄ[ºòÁ^¡B¯Ê¤ôµ¥°ÝÃD©¿²¤¤F¡A¨º»ò¥L¨ÌµM·|¦º¤`¡C¦b°ö¾iªá¥c®É¡Aª`·N¤O¤]¬O¤£¥i¯Ê¤Öªº«n¦]¯À¡C
¡@²Ä¤T¡A¾iªá¥c¯à¶}µo¤Hªº·Q¹³¤O¡C·Q¹³¤O¬O¤H¸£¹ï¤@¦³ªí¹³¶i¦æ¥[¤u§ï³y¦Ó³Ð³y·s§Î¶Hªº¯à¤O¡A¬O§Î¶H¤Æªº´I¾l³Ð³y©Êªº«äºû¯à¤O¡C±`¨£ªº³Ð³y·Qªk¤èªk¦³¤TºØ¡G
ÖߦX¡B¸Ø±i»P±j½Õ¡B¨å«¬¤Æ¡C¦b¥j¥N¡A³\¦h¤å¤H¹ïªá¥c´¢¼¯²`¨è¡A¦b¥L̪º§@«~¤¤¡A§Ú̯à·PIJ¨ì¨äÂ×´Iªº·Q¹³¤O¡C¦pð¥N¶Pª¾±i¦b¡mµú¬h¡n¤¤§â¬h¾ð·Q¹³¦¨¤@Ó¤p®aºÑ¥Éªº¤k¤l¡A¨«Yºñ¦â¸y±a¡A·«º¨ô¶V¡A½è¾ë¡A¨q¼äªº§Î¶H¡C¤¸¥N´²¦±§@®a´º¤¸±Òªº¡m±öªá¡n¤¤¦³¡§¤j³£¨Ó±öªá¬O§Ú¡A§Ú¬O±öªá¡C¡¨ªº¥y¤l¡C¥X©ó¹ï±öªº·Q¹³¡A§â
§Ú©ñ¤J¨ä¤¤¡A¨Ï¦Û¤v³³¾K¡A¤]¬O¤H³³¾K©ó¨ä§@«~¡C§ó¦³§â¤ô¥P·Q¹³¬°¡§Õæªi¥P¤l¡¨¡A§â·¬¸·Q¹³¦¨¡§¥Í©RªºÁø¥ú¡¨µ¥¡C¹ïªá¥cªº³ß·R¡AÂX¤j¤Fª¾Ãѽd³ò¡AÂ×´I¤Fªí¹³Àx³Æ¡A¿Eµo³Ð³y°Ê¾÷¡A¨Ï¤H¿n·¥¡A¥D°Êªº«ä¦Ò¡C³o¹ï©ó·Q¹³¤Oªº°ö¾i¤Q¤À¦³¯q¡C
¡@²Ä¥|¡A®â°öªá¥c¯à°ö¾i·N»x¦æ°Ê¯à¤O¡C·N»x¦æ°Ê¯à¤O¬O¤H¦Ûıªº½T©w¥Øªº¡A¨Ã®Ú¾Ú¥Øªº½Õ¸`¤ä°t¦Û¨ªº¦æ°Ê¡A§JªA§xÃø¡A¥h¹ê²{¨ä¥Øªºªº¯à¤O¡C¨äÀu¨}«~½è¬OªGÂ_
©Ê¡B¿W¥ß©Ê¡B°í¶´©Ê©M¦Û»s©Ê¡C°ö¾i¤@Áû´Óª«¡A·íµMn¬O¥¦ªø¦n¡A¨º´NÀ³¸Ó¦n¦n·Ó¬Ý¡A³o¼Ë©ú½T¤F¥Øªº¡A¼W±j¤F³d¥ô·P¡A³o¬O·N»x¦æ°Ê¯à¤O°ö¾iªº²Ä¤@¨B¡C²Ä¤G¨B¡A¦b°ö¨|¹Lµ{¤¤¡AY¹J¤W§xÃø¦pÂή`¡B¥Í¯fªº¡A»Ýn³q¹L¿W¥ßªº´M§ä¤èªk¡BÂåªv¤£¦n¤£½}¥ð¡A³o¼Ëªº¹ê½î¬¡°Ê¡AÅý¨CÓ¤HÂ×´I¥Í¬¡¤§¾l¾Ç·|«ù¤§¥H«í»P¿W¥ß¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¯à
¤O¡C
¡@²Ä¤¡Aªá¥c¨ã¦³½Õ¸`±¡ºü¯à¤O¡C±¡ºü¬O¤Hªº¤ß²z¥Í¬¡ªº¤@Ó«n¤èÄÑ¡C½Õ¸`±¡ºü¬OÓÅ鮸°£¤£¨}±¡ºü¡A«O«ù¼ÖÆ[¡A³o¹ï¤u§@¡B¾Ç²ß¦³«Ü¤jªºª½±µ¼vÅT¡C¼v¤ù¡m§ÆÓ}
¤½¥D¡n¤¤§ÆÓ}ªºª¨ª¨´¿¹ï¤k¨à»¡¡G¡§·í§A·P¨ì¼~·T©M·Ð´o®É´N»»±æ¤j¦ÛµM¡C¡¨»»±æ¤j¦ÛµM¡A¤£¶È¬O§âºë¯«±H°Uµ¹¤s¤tªe¬y¡A§ó¦hªºªá¯ó¾ð¤ì¡A³o¯à¨Ï¤HÂ\²æ®ø·¥±¡ºü¡AÂX¤j¯ÝÃh¡A´¯¶}¤ß´v¡C¦b«°¥«¤¤¡A¨S¦³¦¨¤ùªº´ËªL¡A¨º»ò¦bÓ¤Hªº¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¤¤Â\³]¤@¨Çªá¥c¡A¥H¨ä¥~§Î»P¤º²[¨Ó½Õ¸`¤Hªº±¡ºü¡A¨Ï¤H·P¨ì²M·s¡B¹çÀR¡AÅܱo¿n
·¥¡C¨Ò¦p¡Aµâªá¨Ï¤H·P¨ì©¾¸Û©M¯u²z¡F¥Õ¦â¤B»µ¹¤H¥H«C¬Kªº·L¯º¡A´Â®ð½´«k¡F¦Ê¦Xªá¥Nªí¯Â¼ä¡B¤Í·R¡F¬õ·¬Åý¤H¼ö¸Û¡C¨«¿Ë³X¤Í¡A±´±æ¯f¤H¤£§«Ãذeªá¥c¡A¬J¦³Æ[½à»ùÈ¡A¤S¯àµ¹¤H¥H¾A·íªº±¡ºü½Õ¸`¡A§â¿n·¥±aµ¹¥L¤H¡C
¡@²Ä¤»¡Aªá¥c¤]¯à´£°ª¤Hªº±¡·P½Õ¸`¯à¤O¡C±¡·P½Õ¸`¯à¤O¬O¤H¹ï±¡·Pºë¤ß½Õ¸`©M±±»s¡A«O«ù¾A«×©Méwªº±¡·Pª¬ºA¡A¾AÀ³ªÀ·|ªº¯à¤O¡C·P±¡¬Oªø´Áªº¤ß²zªºª¬ºA¡C¥¦
¤À¬°¹D¼w·P¡B²z´¼·P©M¬ü·P¡A¥Ñ©óªá¥c¬O¤£·|¨¥»yªº¥Íª«¡A¦]¦Ó°ö¨|ªÌ¥²¶·®É®ÉÃö¤ß¡Aª`·N¡A³o«K¯à°ö¾i¥X¤@©wªº¸q°È·P©M³d¥ô·P¡C»Pªá¥c¬Û³B®É¡A¤HÀ³¸Ó«O«ù¤ß¹Ò¥©Mªº±¡·P¡A³o¼Ë¯à¥Î¤ß¨Ó·P¨ü³o¨Ç¬Ý¦üÀR¤îªº¥Íª«ªº¡§©I§l¡¨©M¯u¯u¹ê¹êªº¥Í©R¡C³o¯à¨Ï¤HÅܱo¦w¹ç©M²z´¼¡Cªá¥c¬O¬üªº¨Æª«¡A¥¦¹ï¤H̬ü·Pªº°ö¾i¬O¤H¤H¬Òª¾
ªº¡F«ØÄ³¤H̦b¶~®É´¡¤@¨â¬Öªá¡Aªá¥c¶¡§Î»P¦âªº¿Ä¦X¡A¬O¼f¬üªº¦Ü°ª¹Ò¬É¡C
¡@³Ì«á¡Aªá¥c¹ïөʶì¯à¤Oªº°ö¾i¡Cөʦ³®ð½è¡B©Ê®æ¡B¯à¤O©M¿³½ì²Õ¦¨¡C¥j©¹¤µ¨Ó¡A¤H̵¹¦UºØªá¥c½á¤©Ó©Ê¡C¦p¡G¦Ë¡AªK®¼¸Z¡A¤@ºÑ¦p¬~¡A¬O°ís¤£©}©M¾Þ¦u
ªº¶H¼x¡CĬªF©Y³ßÅw¨¢ÃÄ¡A¬O¤Í¦n¡A©M¥ªº¥NªíªÌ¡C¹ï¦Û¤v³ßÅwªY½àªºªá¥c¶i¦æ°ö¨|¡Aªá¥c·|¹ï¤H°_Âȳ³¡A³³§Mªº§@¥Î¡C¦³¤H·RºØ¥P¤H´x¡A¥P¤H²y¡A³o¨Ç´Óª«@§ò¡A¤£©È¼ö¡A¸û¬°°í¹ê¡C¦³¤H·R¾i¤ô¥Pªá¡A¤ô¥P¶}ªá¦b´H¥V¡A¸û¬°°í±j¡C³ß·Rªá¥c¡B¥²©w³ß·R¨ä©Ê®æ¤º²[¡A³ß·R´N·|¥h¼Ò¥é¡A¦³µL·NÃѪº¡A¤]¦³¦³·NÃѪº¡C¦ýÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A
¹ï¨äөʶì³y¬O¦³¤@©wªº§@¥Î¡C
¡@ªá¥c¤w¸g³vº¥¥e»â¤H̪º¥Í¬¡¡A¤ßÆF¥@¬É¡Cªá¥c¤§¬ü¡B¤º²[¤w²`¤J¤H¤ß¡CÄ@¤H̥Ϊá¥c¨ÓÂIºóÀô¹Òªº¦P®É¡A¤]¯àÂIºó¦Û¤vªººë¯«¥@¬É¡C
¥úºØ]³ø»ù
«~ºØ¦WºÙ¡@¡@¡@¡@¯SÂI¡B¥Î³~¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦~¥Í²£¯à¤O¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@³æ»ù¡]¤¸/®è¡^
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@³U]¡@¡@¡@¥Í®Ú²~]
¤Å§Ñ§Ú¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@µµ¦â¡B¶é§ý¡AÂA¤Áªá¡B·Fªá¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@1.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.5
±¡¤H¯ó¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ÂA¤Áªá¡B·Fªá¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@0.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.5
®ü¬P¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ÂA¤Áªá¡B·Fªá¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@0.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.5
¬õ´x¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¤j¬õ¡B¤Áªá¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@5¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@ 2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
±m¦â°¨¿á½¬¡@¡@¡@¶Àªá¡BÂA¤Áªá¡B¬Öªá¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@5¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6 ¤¸/Ó¡@¡]ºØ²y¡^
«D¬wµµÃ¹Äõ¡@¡@¡@Äõ¦â¡B¯»¬õ¡B®ç¬õ¡B¥Õ¦â¡B¡@¡@¡@¡@12¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
µµ¬õÅܦâ, ¬Öªá
»È¸®ü´Å¡@¡@¡@¡@¦W¶Q«Ç¤ºÆ[¸´Óª«¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
¬õ¸®ü´Å¡@¡@¡@¡@¦W¶Q«Ç¤ºÆ[¸´Óª«¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
ª÷½u½¬¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦W¶QÃħ÷¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@3¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@1.2
ÅK¥Ö¥Û±Ø¡@¡@¡@¡@¦W¶QÃħ÷¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
¿O·øªá¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦W¶QÃħ÷¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@1.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
º¡¤Ñ¬P¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦¡B¤¤¡B±ß¼ô«~ºØ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.3
»¥Û¦Ë¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦U«~ºØ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@0.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.4
»¿¼]¡]¤Ú¦è¿¼¡B«Â·G¿¼¡^¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¦U5¸U¡@¡@¡@2.2¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
¬õ»¿¼]¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@5¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@2.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
¬Ó«Ò¿¼]¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@5¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@2.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
¤s¸ª¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@10¸U¡@¡@¡@¡@1.8¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@0.6
³Ì·s²£«~³ø»ù¡G
¤@¡B ÂA¤ÁªáÃþ
«~ºØ¦WºÙ ¡@ ¡@ ®â°ö¯S©Ê¡BnÂI ¡@ ¡@ ¨Ñ³f±¡ªp ¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@»ù®æ¡]¤¸/®è¡BÓ¡^
¤Å§Ñ§Ú¡G ¡@¡@ ÂA¤Áªá¡B·Fªá¡C¦Uªá¦â«~ºØ¡C¾AÀ³©Ê±j¡A ¡@¡@¡@ ³U] ¡@ ²~]
®â°öºÞ²z®e©ö¡A¸û@´H¡]«~ºØ¤£¦P¡A@ »Ý¹wq ¡@¡@¡@¡@1.2~1.4¡@¡@¡@0.6~0.7
´H©Ê²¤¦³®t§O¡^¡A¤j´×³]¬I®â°ö¡C
±¡¤H¯ó¡G ¡@¡@ ÂA¤Áªá¡B·Fªá¡C²Hµµ¬õ¦â¡A¾AÀ³©Ê±j¡A »Ý¹wq ¡@¡@1.0~1.2¡@¡@¡@0.6~0.7
®â°öºÞ²z®e©ö¡A@´H©Ê¸û®t¡C¦b©ø©ú¥V
©u¤@¯ë¤£¶}ªá¡C
®ü¬P ¡G ¡@¦P¤W¡C¸û±¡¤H¯ó@´H¡C »Ý¹wq ¡@¡@1.0~1.2 ¡@¡@0.6~0.7
±m¬P ¡G ¡@·s¤Áªá¡B·Fªá«~ºØ¡C¦P¤Å§Ñ§Ú¡C »Ý¹wq ¡@¡@¡@1.2~1.4 ¡@0.6~0.7
º¡¤Ñ¬P¡G ¡@¡@ ÂA¤Áªá¡A¾AÀ³©Ê±j¡A@´H¡C±q]´Á¶}©l»Ý
¡@¨¾ªv´³¼çÃÇ¡F¤gÄ[¹L·F¹LÀã·|¾ÉPªá¦âÅÜ »Ý¹wq ¡@¡@¡@0.7~1.0 ¡@0.6~0.7
¤Æ¡A¼vÅT¤Áªá½è¶q¡C
±d¤DÄÉ ¡G ¡@¦U«~ºØÂA¤Áªá¡A¾AÀ³©Ê±j¡A@´H¡A®â°öºÞ »Ý¹wq Éæ´¡] ²Õ°ö]
²z¸û®e©ö¡A³]¬I®â°ö¡C ¡@¡@0.4~0.5 ¡@ 0.8~1.0
±m¦â°¨¿á½¬¡G ¡@¡@ÂA¤Áªá¡B¬Öªá¡C®â°öºÞ²z®e©ö¡A»Ý¤j¤ô ¦³²{³f ºØ²y ³U]
¤jªÎ¡C¥V©u¥ð¯v¡C¥i¤j¥Ð®â°ö¡A¤]¥i³] ¡]¶À¦â¡^ ¡@¡@¡@0.7~2.7 ¡@¡@ 1.2~1.7
¬I®â°ö¡C
¤G¡B ÃĥδӪ«Ãþ
ª÷½u½¬ ¡G ¡@Äõ¬ì¦W¶QÃĥΡBÆ[½à´Óª«¡C·¥@³±¡A§Ò ³U] ²~]
±j¥ú¡C¾A©y¦b10~280C¡AÀã«×¡r70%¡A ¦³²{³f ¡@¡@¡@¡@2.2~1.2
¾B¥ú«×70%~90%ªº³±´×©Î¦a¤U«Ç®â°ö¡C
¶Â¸`¯ó ¡G Äõ¬ì¦W¶QÃĥδӪ«¡Cªþ¥Í©óªL¤¤¾ð·F¤W¡A »Ý¹w©w ¡@¡@0.8
¡]ÅK¥Ö¥Û±Ø¡^n¨DªÅ®ðÀã«×¤j¡C¥i³]¬I®â°ö¡C
Å|ÀT¥Û±Ø ¡G ¦P¤W¡C »Ý¹w©w ¡@ ¡@0.8
¤T¡B ¸gÀÙ§@ª«Ãþ
¤Ú¦è¿¼ ¡G ¡@«~½è¦n¡A²£¶q°ª¡A¾AÀ³©Ê¡B§Ü¯f©Ê±j¡C ¦³²{³f ¡@¡@¡@1.8~0.65
«Â·G´µ ¡G ¡@«~½è¦n¡A²£¶q°ª¡C ¦³²{³f ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@1.8 ~ 0.65
¬Ó«Ò¿¼ ¡G ¡@·s¤Þ¶i«~ºØ¡AÓ¤p¥ÖÁ¡¡A«~½è·¥¨Î¡C »Ý¹w©w ¡@¡@¡@¡@2.7~0.7
¬õ»¿¼ ¡G ¡@·s¤Þ¶i«~ºØ¡A¤f·P¦n¡A«~½è¨Î¡C »Ý¹w©w ¡@¡@¡@2.2~ 0.7
¤j·G¬F ³yºÖ®á±ê«Ò
¤ýªá¦b«n«D¥þ°ê§¡¦³¤À§G¡A¥B¬O³Ì¨ü¥Á²³³ß·R©M´¶¹MºØ´Óªºªá¡A¥¦¥i¥H¾AÀ³¤£¦Pªº¤gÄ[Ãþ«¬¡A±q®ü¥±¨ì2000¦Ìªº°ª¤s¡C«Ò¤ýªá¦b¾ð¸©Mc¸ªº¤j¤p©M¦â±m¤WÅÜ
¤Æ¦hºÝ¡C«Ò¤ýªá»Û¶¯²§®è¡A¥¦ªºªá´Á«Üªø¡]±q5¤ë¨ì12¤ë¡^¡A¥[¤W¦â±mÂ×´Iªº¾ð¸©M¥]³òªácªºc¸¡A¨Ï¤§¦¨¬°«D±`¦³§l¤Þ¤Oªº¶éªL¥Î¸Ë¹¢¾ðºØ¡C
³o
¨Ç¯SÂI¨Ï«Ò¤ýªá¦¨¬°«n«D³¥¥ÍÂAªá·~ªºº¿ï«~ºØ¡C¦b¤HÌ´¶¹M®â°öªº³o¨Ç«~ºØ¤¤¡A¨ä¥Íªø§ÎºA¡B¾ð¸©Mc¸ªºÃC¦â¡B¶}ªá®É¶¡µ¥¤è±¦s¦bµÛ«Ü¤jªº¤£¦P¡C¦³¨Ç«~ºØ¬O
³q¹LÂø¥æÀò±oªº¡C¡u¶§¥ú¡v¬O³Ì¦³¦Wªº«Ò¤ýªáÂø¥æ«~ºØ¡A¤w¸g¦¨¬°«n«Dªº¥Dn¥X¤fªá¥c¡C«Ò¤ýªáªºªá¦â©M°ª«×¦b¥þ¥@¬É³QÅA¬°³Ì´I¶QµØÄRªºÂA¤Áªá¡A³o¤]¬O¨ä¦b«n«D
³Q·q¬°°êªáªº¥Dnì¦]¡C
¤£¦Pªº®ðÔ±ø¥ó©M¦a²zÀô¹Ò¾ÉP«Ò¤ýªá¾ð¸¡Bªá«¬¡Bªá¦â¥H¤Î¶}ªá®É¶¡ªº¥¨¤jÅܤơA¦b°Ó·~ºØ´Ó®É¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¦P¼ËªººØ´Ó±ø
¥ó¤U¡A«Ò¤ýªá¤]«O«ù¤F³o¼Ëªº¯SÂI¡C³o¨Ï±o«Ò¤ýªá¦b§@¬°ÂA¤ÁªáºØ´Ó®É¯à°÷¾AÀ³¥þ¥@¬É¹ï«Ò¤ýªá¤£¦P®É¸`ªº¥«³õ»Ý¨D¡C¦b¦X¾A¤gÄ[Ãþ«¬¤U§@¬°¶éªLªá¥c©ÎªÌÂA¤Áªá¦¨
¥\ºØ´Ó¡C
«Ò¤ýªá¬O¤ì½èÄé¤ì¡A¨ã¦³²Ê§§ªº²ô±ì¡A¤j¦Ó²`ºñ¦â¡B¦³¥ú¿Aªº¾ð¸¡C³\¦h´Ó®è¦¨¼ô®É°ª«×¬°¤@¦Ì¡A¦ý®Ú¾ÚºØ´Ó³õ¦aªº§ïÅܰª«×±N¦b
0.35¦Ì¡ã2¦Ì¤§¶¡ÅܤơC«Ò¤ýªáªºÂAªá¹ê»Ú¬O¤@Óªá²y¡A¦b¤¤¤ß¦³³\¦hªºªá¿¶¡A¨Ã³Q¥¨¤jªº¡B¦â±mÂ×´Iªºc¸©Ò¥]³ò¡Cªá²yªºª½®|¤j¤p¦b12Âç¦Ì¨ì30Âç¦Ì¤§
¶¡ÅܰʡC
¦b¤@ӥͪø©u¸Ì¡A¤@®è¤j¦Ó²Ê§§ªº«Ò¤ý´Ó®è¯à°÷¶}¥X6¡ã10Óªá²y¡AÓ§O´Ó®è¯à°÷¦b¤@ӥͪø©u¸Ì¶}¥X40Óªá²y¡Cªá²yc¸ªºÃC¦â±q¨Å¥Õ¦â¨ì²`¬õ¦â¤§¶¡ÅܤơA¦ý²H¯»¬õ¦â¡Bµy±a»È¦â¥ú¿Aªºc¸¬O³Ì¨üÅwªï©M±À±Rªº¡C
«Ò¤ýªáªá²y¤¤ªºªá¿¶¥i¥H¶}©ñ«Üªø®É¶¡¡A³o¨Ï±o¦o¦b´XÓ¬P´Á¤º³£¦¨¬°¶éªL¤¤¤@¹DÄ£²´ªº·´º¡A§@¬°ÂA¤Áªá¤]¥i¥HÂ\©ñ«Üªø®É¶¡¡C
³o¥¿¬O«Ò¤ýªá³Q«n«D¤H»{¬°¡u¤[¶}¤£±Ñ¡vªº¯u¥¿ì¦]¡A¤]¥¿¦]¬°¦¹¡A¤~¨ü¨ì°ê¤º¼s¤jªá¥c©M´¡ªá·R¦nªÌªº³ß·R©M±À±R¡C
§Ú̳q±`©Ò»¡ªº´¶¬¥¸¦¨È¡]Protea¡^²Î«ü¨Ó¦Û«n«Dªº´¶¬¥¸¦¨È®a±Ú«~ºØ¡A¥Dn¥]¬A«Ò¤ýªá¡]ProteaKing¡^¡B¤ì¦Ê¦X¡]Leucadendron¡^¡B¤õµKªá¤T¤j¨t¦C¡C¤ì¦Ê¦XªºÆ[½àÂI¦b©ó¥¦ªºÁL¸¡A´¶¬¥¸¦¨È©M¤õµKªáªºÆ[½àÂI¦b©ó¥¦Ìªºªá¦·¡C
1¡B®ðÔ´¶¬¥¸¦¨È³ßÅw¦b§CÀã«×¡B·Å©Mªº®ðÔ±ø¥ó¤U¥Íªø¡C¦³¨Ç«~ºØ¯à°÷©Ó¨ü-4¢J¦Ü-8¢JªºÁ÷á¡A¦ý¦³¨Ç«~ºØ«h¯S§O®e©ö¨ü¨ìÁ÷᪺¶Ë®`¡C«ùÄòªº°ª·Å·|¹ï¥¿¶}ªáªº´¶¬¥¸¦¨È³y¦¨¶Ë®`¡A¾¨ºÞ¥R¨¬ªº¼å¤ô¥i¥H°§C¶Ë®`µ{«×¡C¤õµKªá©M¤ì¦Ê¦X©¹©¹¤£¨ü®L©u°ª·Åªº¼vÅT¡C
2¡B¤gÄ[´¶¬¥¸¦¨È³ßÅw¦b¤g¼h²`«p¡B±Æ¤ô¨}¦n¡BpH5.0-6.5¡B§tÁC¶q¸û§Cªº¤gÄ[¤¤¥Íªø¡C
¿ï¾Ü·sªº´¶¬¥¸¦¨ÈºØ´Ó¦a®É¡A¶·¥ýÀË´ú¨ä¤gÄ[©Ò§tªº³Ñ¾lÁC§t¶q¡C¦Ñªº®a¸V³õ©MªG¶é¦]¦³¬I¥ÎÁCªÎªº°O¿ý³Ì¦n¤£¥Î§@´¶¬¥¸¦¨ÈªººØ´Ó¦a¡C
3¡BºØ´Ó¶é¥Ñ©ó´¶¬¥¸¦¨ÈªººØ´Ó¦¨¥»¸û°ª¡A¤@¯ëªº°Ó·~ºØ´Ó±¿n©y¦b30-80¯a¤§¶¡¡CºØ´Ó¶é³Ì¦n¾aªñ¥«³õ©ÎªÌ¹B¿é½u¸ô¡A¤×¨ä¬OÂAªá¥X¤f¡An¾¨¶q´î¤Ö¹B¿é®É¶¡¡C´ä¤fªþªñ¤×¨Î¡C
ºØ´Ó«eªº¤gÄ[·Ç³Æ¬O¥²»Ýªº¡A¦b¬Y¨Ç¦a°Ï¤g¦a²`¯Ñ¥i¥H«P¶i´¶¬¥¸¦¨Èªº¦´Á¥Íªø¡C¦b©w´Ó«en²M²zºØ´Ó¶é¡A²M°£©Ò¦³Âø¯ó¡B¾ð¤ì©M¾ð®Ú¡A¨ä¤¤¾ð®Ú¥i¯à¬O®Ú»G¯uµßªº·P¬V·½¡C¦ÓºØ´Ó¤@¨ÇºñªÎ´Óª«¦p¿P³Á©Î°ª¸d¬O©w´Ó«e§ï¨}¤gÄ[µ²ºc©M¦³¾÷½è¤ô¥ªº¦n¤èªk¡C
¨}¦nªº±Æ¤ô¬O«D±`«nªº¡C¦pªG¦bºØ´Ó¶é°ª³B¦³¤ô¶í©ÎªÌ¦aªí¤ô¦ì«Ü°ª³£·|¼vÅT¤gÄ[±Æ¤ô¡A¦]¦¹À³¾¨¶qÁ×§K¡A³Ì¦n¦b¥C³®©M°ª¦aºØ´Ó¡C¦bºØ´Ó¶éªº¤¤¤ß¶}¤@±ø±Æ¤ô·¾
±N§ïµ½±Æ¤ô¡C©w´Ó¦a°µ¦n«á¡An¨¾¤î¤j«B®Éªº¤gÄ[¬y¥¢¡A¬°¦¹³\¦hºØ´ÓªÌ¿ï¾Ü©w´Ó¦æ¾î¬ï±×©Y¦a¡A¨Ã¦b»rÅSªº¤g¦a¤W»\¤W¯ó®u¡C
4¡BºØ]¦b´¶¬¥¸¦¨ÈºØ´Ó¤¤¡A¯f®`¥Dn¬O¥Ñ®Ú»G¯uµß¤Þ°_ªº¡C¬°¨¾¯f®`À³¸Ó±q±M·~ªº¨|]°ò¦aÁÊ]¡A¨ÃÁ×§K±q©P³ò·h¹B¤gÄ[¨ì´¶¬¥¸¦¨ÈºØ´Ó¶é¡A¦P®É«O«ù¤u¨ã©M³]³Æªº²M¼ä¡C
5¡B¤ô·½¦bºØ´Ó«eÀ³¦Ò¼{¹ï¿ï¥Îªº¤ô·½§@¤@¦¸ÀË´ú¡A¤@¯ëÀ³«OÃҨ䤣§tP¯f¯uµß¡C¤ô·½¥]¬A¤ôÅò¡B¤pªe¡Bªe¬y¡B¬u¤ô¡B«°¥«¤ô·½µ¥¡C´¶¬¥¸¦¨È®e©ö¨ü¨ìÆQÆP¤ôªº¶Ë®`¡C
¹ï©ó´¶¬¥¸¦¨È¡A¿ï¾ÜºØ´Ó¶é¤ôÅòªº¦ì¸m¯S§O«n¡A¦]¬°¨Ï¥ÎºØ´Ó¶é¤º¨S¦³³B²z¹Lªº°j°é¤ô¥i¯à·|¾ÉP¯e¯fªºµo¥Í¡C«ØÄ³¹ï¨Ó¦Û¹³¤ôÅò¡B¤pªeµ¥¦ÛµM¤ô·½ªº¤ô¶i¦æ´â¤Æ
³B²z¡A¨ÏºwÄ餤ªº¤ô§t¦³2ppmªº¦³®Ä´â´N¨¬°÷¤F¡C¦³¨ÇÄéµ@³]³Æ¥i¯à·|¹ï´â²£¥Í¤Æ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³¡A¦]¦¹¦b¦w¸Ë®ø¬r©MÄéµ@³]¬I«en¶i¦æ¿ï¾Ü¡C¬u¤ô¤@¯ë¤£§t¦³¯uµß¡C
6¡B«~ºØ¿ï¾Ü´¶¬¥¸¦¨È¡B¤ì¦Ê¦X¡B¤õµKªá³o¨Ç«~ºØ¤¤¡A¦³¨Ç¬O¦¬Ã¬ÂAªá¡A¦³¨Ç«h¬O¦¬Ã¬ÁL¸¡C¤ì¦Ê¦X»Û¶¯²§®è¡A¦Ó¥B©¹©¹¦b¤£¦Pªº®É¶¡¶}ªá¡A»Ûªá¶}ªá®É¶¡ªø¡AÂA¤Áªáªº«O¦s®É¶¡¤]ªø¡F¶¯ªá©¹©¹¸û»Ûªá§óÂAÆv¡A§ó¤Þ¤Hª`¥Ø¡C
¦b½T©wºØ´Ó«~ºØ¥H¤ÎºØ´Ó±¿n®É¡A½Ð©MÂAªá§åµo°Ó¡B¥X¤f°Ó¡B¶éÃÀ±M·~¤Hû©M¨ä¥L¦³¸gÅ窺¤H¤h©Î¹ÎÅéÁpô¿Ô¸ß¡A¥HÀò¨ú§ë¸ê¦^³ø¡B¥«³õ«e´º©M»Ý¨Dµ¥¤è±ªº¸ê°T¡C
«ØÄ³¥ý¿ï¾Ü´XÓ«~ºØ¸ÕºØ¡A¥HÆ[¹î³o¨Ç«~ºØ¦b·í¦a®ðÔ©M¤gÄ[±ø¥ó¤Uªº¤ÏÀ³¡A°µ¨ì¤ß¤¤¦³©³¡CºØ´Ó´¶¬¥¸¦¨È¬O¤@¶µªø´Áªº§ë¸ê¡A³Ìªìªº«~ºØ¿ï¾Ü¬O¦ÜÃö«nªº¡A¦]¬°
¦bºØ´Ó«á2-5¦~¤~·|¦³©Ò¦¬Ã¬¡C±q©w´Ó¨ì¶}ªáªº®É¶¡·|ÀHµÛ«~ºØ¡BºØ´ÓÀô¹Ò©M±ø¥óªº§ïÅܦӧïÅÜ¡C
´¶¬¥¸¦¨È]¤ìn±q±M·~ªº¨|]¤½¥qÁʶR¡A¥H½T«O«~½è¡CºØ]¥²¶·µL¯f¡A20-30cm°ª¡]¤@¯ë°ö¨|¦b7.5-15cmªºÀç¾i²Ú¤º¡^¡A®Ú¨tµo¨|¨}¦n¡C
7¡B©w´Ó©w´Ó®É¶¡±N®Ú¾Ú·í¦a®ðÔ±ø¥óªºÅܤƦӽT©w¡A¦ý¬K¤Ñ©M¦¡B¤¤¬î³q±`¬O³Ì¦nªº©u¸`¡C¦pªG·í¦a¦³±j·¡AÀ³¸Ó¥Î¤H¤u©Î¦ÛµMªº·»Ù¨Ó«OÅ@¥®]¡C¬°¤FºÉ¥i¯à´î¤Ö¹ï®Ú¨tªº·l¶Ë¡A¦b©w´Ó®Én¤p¤ß¦a±q¨|]²Ú¤¤¨ú]¡C
©w´Ó§G¸m±N¨Ì¾ÚÄéµ@³]p©M¿ï¾Üªº«~ºØ¦Ó½T©w¡C¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A±Ä¥Î³æ±Æ©w´Ó¡A¦æ¶Z3-4m¡A®è¶¡¶Z1-2m¡A³o¼Ë¥i¥H§Î¦¨¦ÛµMªº¾ðÆX®ÄªG¥H©è¾×±j·ªº«Iŧ¡C³æ±Æ
©w´Ó¤]¨ÏºÞ²z§ó¥[¤è«K¡A¤×¨ä¬OªvÂΡBªv¯f©M±±¨îÂø¯óµ¥¤è±¡C¦³¨ÇºØ´ÓªÌ¿ï¾ÜÂù±ÆºØ´Ó¡CÂù±ÆºØ´Ó¥i¥H§ó¦³®Ä¦a§Q¥Î¤g¦a¸ê·½¡A¦P®É¤]§ó¾A¦X¬Y¨Ç«~ºØ¡A¦ý¨ä©ö©ó
¯e¯fªºµo¥Í¡A¤×¨ä¦b¼éÀã¦a°Ï¡A´Ó®è¶¡ªºªÅ®ð¬y³q«Ü®t¡C©w´Ó¦æ¤§¶¡ªº¶ZÂ÷n®Ú¾Ú©w´Ó«~ºØ³Ì²×ªº¾ð«¬¤j¤p©M¨Ï¥Îªº¾÷±ñ¦Ó©w
![]() Rose |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
¡@
Rosa canina (Dog Rose) flower
|
||||||||||||||
Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
Species | ||||||||||||||
Between 100 and 150, see list |
A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally prickly shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2¡V5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.
The name originates from Latin rosa, borrowed through Oscan from colonial Greek in southern Italy: rhodon (Aeolic form: wrodon), from Aramaic wurrdā, from Assyrian wurtinnu, from Old Iranian *warda (cf. Armenian vard, Avestan warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr).
Rose hips are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.
Contents[hide] |
¡@
The leaves of most species are 5¡V15 cm long, pinnate, with (3¡V) 5¡V9 (¡V13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers of most species roses have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which often has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and are usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
Rosa canina hips
The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5¡V160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are actually prickles ¡X outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial prickles that have no points.
¡@
Some representative rose species
¡@
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Fungal diseases are best solved by a preventative fungicidal spray program rather than by trying to cure an infection after it is visible. After the disease is visible, its spread can be minimized through pruning and use of fungicides although actual infection cannot be reversed. Some rose varieties are considerably less susceptible than others to fungal disease.
The main insect pest affecting roses is the aphid (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. Ladybirds are a predator of aphids and should be encouraged in the rose garden. Spraying with insecticide is often recommended but should be done with care to minimize loss of beneficial insects. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses.
¡@
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs, as well as the most popular and commonly-sold florists' flowers. In addition to their great economic importance as a florists' crop, roses are also of great value to the perfume industry.
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent.
Roses thrive in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate rootstock.
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
Principal parties involved in the breeding of new Landscape Roses varieties are Werner Noak (Germany) Meidiland Roses (France) Boot&Co. (Netherlands)
¡@
Rose pruning, sometimes regarded as horticultural art form, is largely dependant on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning.
Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. As such, their pruning requirements are quite minimal, and are overall similar to any other analogous shrub, such as lilac or forsythia. Generally, only old, spindly canes should be pruned away, to make room for new canes. One-year-old canes should never be pruned because doing so will remove next year's flower buds. The shrubs can also be pruned back lightly, immediately after the blooms fade, to reduce the overall height or width of the plant. In general, pruning requirements for OGRs are much less laborious and regimented than for Modern hybrids.
Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (R. chinensis). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits: Unlike Old Garden Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning away of any spent flowering stem, in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and thence new flowers.
Additionally, Modern Hybrids planted in cold-winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"¡V12" in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, Modern Hybrids are typically not as cold-hardy as European OGRs, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damanged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas, floribundas, etc. should generally be done in early spring; most gardeneres coincide this pruning with the blooming of forsythia shrubs. Canes should be cut about 1/2" above a vegetative bud (identifiable as a point on a cane where a leaf once grew).
For both Old Garden Roses and Modern Hybrids, any weak, damaged or diseased growth should be pruned away completely, regardless of the time of year. Any pruning of any rose should also be done so that the cut is made at a 45-degree angle above a vegetative bud. This helps the pruned stem callus-over more quickly, and also mitigates moisture buildup over the cut, which can lead to disease problems.
For all general rose pruning (including cutting flowers for arrangements), sharp secateurs (hand-held, sickle-bladed pruners) should be used to cut any growth 1/2" or less in diameter. For canes of a thickness greater than 1/2", pole loppers or a small handsaw are generally more effective; secateurs may be damaged or broken in such instances.
¡@
Deadheading is the simple practice of manually removing any spent, faded, withered or discolored flowers from rose shrubs over the course of the blooming season. In Modern Hybrid roses, this is done for several reasons: To promote rebloom, to keep shrubs looking tidy, to eliminate stem dieback (see Pruning, above) and to eliminate excess debris accumulation in the garden.
Deadheading is less necessary with Old Garden Roses, as it will not promote rebloom in any once-blooming varieties, but can still be done after the flowers fade for aesthetic purposes.
¡@
The rose has always been valued for its beauty and has a long history of symbolism. The ancient Greeks and Romans identified the rose with their goddesses of love referred to as Aphrodite and Venus. In Rome a wild rose would be placed on the door of a room where secret or confidential matters were discussed. The phrase sub rosa, or "under the rose", means to keep a secret ¡X derived from this ancient Roman practice.
Early Christians identified the five petals of the rose with the five wounds of Christ. Despite this interpretation, their leaders were hesitant to adopt it because of its association with Roman excesses and pagan ritual. The red rose was eventually adopted as a symbol of the blood of the Christian martyrs. Roses also later came to be associated with the Virgin Mary.
Rose culture came into its own in Europe in the 1800s with the introduction of perpetual blooming roses from China. There are currently thousands of varieties of roses developed for bloom shape, size, fragrance and even for lack of prickles.
¡@
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses (including Isis and Aphrodite), and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish).
The rose is the national flower of England and the United States, as well as being the symbol of England Rugby, and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Yorkshire and Lancashire in England (the white rose and red rose respectively) and of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival.
Roses are occasionally the basis of design for rose windows, such windows comprising five or ten segments (the five petals and five sepals of a rose) or multiples thereof; however most Gothic rose windows are much more elaborate and were probably based originally on the wheel and other symbolism.
A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the British and Irish Labour Parties, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. White Rose was a World War II non-violent resistance group in Germany.
¡@
According to the Victorian "language of flowers", different colored roses each have their own symbolic meaning.
¡@
The rose also has various supernatural and literary attributes.
¡@
Renoir painting of cabbage roses
Roses are often portrayed by artists. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet and Paul Cézanne have paintings of roses among their works.
¡@
¡@
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.There is also a balm consisting of crushed raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, and rose petals which make your skin softer that is commonly used in the United States and in Mexico.
¡@
Some rose growers are known for their particular contributions to the field. These include:
1¾ã¦a»P¬IªÎ
¿ï¤g¼h²`«p¡BªÎ¨U¡B²¨ÃP¡B¦³Äéµ@±ø¥óªº¬â½èÄ[¤g¦a¶ô¡A666.6m2¬I´\ªÎ2000kg¡B¯ó¤ì¦Ç1000kg¡A§¡¤Ã¼»¤J¦a¤º¡A²`½25¡ã30cm¡A¨ÃÀH²`½¯a¬IÁC»Ä¤G²B»Ï100kg¡A¼»©ó·¾©³¡A¯Ò²Ó¡B¾ã¥¡B³Æ¥Î¡C
2Ác´Þ§Þ³N¥i¥ÎºØ¤l¡B®Ú²ôÁc´Þ¡C
2.1
ºØ¤lÁc´Þ¡G¦b3¤ë¤W¡B¤¤¦¯¡A±NºØ¤l©ñ¦b40¢J·Å¤ô¤¤®ûªw24¡ã48h¡A¼´¥X¡A«ö1∶3ªº¤ñ¨Ò»PÀã²Ó¬â(¹L¿z)©Õ¤Ã¡A©ñ¨ì¥Ë¬ÖùØ¡A¥Î¶ì½¦¥¬±K«Ê¡A©ñ¨ì«Ç¤º©Î
¦aµ¢ùØ¡C¦b18¡ã25¢J·Å«×±ø¥ó¤U¡A¬ù15¡ã18dºØ¤l¶}©lµõ¼L¡BÅS¥Õ(F®Ú)¡C4¤ë¤W¦¯¡A°µ¼e1mªº¥²¥¡A¦b²¥¤º«ö¦æ¶Z15cm¶}·¾²`2¡ã3cm¡C±N¶Ê
¹LªÞªººØ¤l§¡¤Ã¦a¼»¤J·¾¤º¡A½Æ»\²Ó¬â¤g«p2¡ã3cm¡A¼å¤ô¡C²¥±½Æ»\¦a½¤¡A©P³ò¥Î¤gÀ£¹ê¡A¬ù12¡ã15d¥X¥þ]¡C]°ª5¡ã6cm®É¶¡¥h¹L±Kªº]¡A]ªø¨ì
10¡ã12cm°ª§Y¥i²¾®â¤j¥Ð¡C¦b³Æ¦nªº¦a¶ô±ø扌¥¬¡A¶}·¾²`5¡ã6cm¡A²Ä1»P²Ä2·¾¦æ¶Z30cm(°µ¬°¥Ð¶¡ºÞ²zªº¨«¹D)¡C¥H¦¹Ãþ±À¡C«ö®è¶Z
15¡ã18cm®â´Ó¡A¨C¥Þ1®è¡A®I¤g¡BÀ£¹ê¡B¦h¼å¤ô¡C
2.2®Ú²ôÁc´Þ¡G4¤ë¤W¦¯¡A®Ú²ô¥¼µoªÞ¤§«e¡A±N¥Íªø2¡ã3aªº®Ú²ô«õ
¥X¡A°Å¦¨7¡ã8cmªº¬q¡A¥Î100ppmªº萘¤A»Ä®ûªw24h¡A¼´¥X¡Aµy´½¡A«ö¤Wz¦æ®è¶Z©w´Ó¡C§â®ûªw¹Lªº®Ú²ô±×®I¦b·¾¤º¡A½Æ¤g3¡ã6cm¡AµyÂíÀ£¡A¦h¼å
¤ô¡C¬ù14d¥X¥þ]¡C¥Î¦¹ªk³B²z¹Lªº®Ú²ô¡A¥X]²v¦b95%¥H¤W¡C
3¥Ð¶¡ºÞ²z¹ï®ðÔ¡B¤gÄ[n¨D¨Ã¤£ÄY®æ¡A¥H¦b·Å·xªºÀô¹Ò©M²¨ÃP¡BªÎ¨Uªº¤gÄ[ùإͪø¨}¦n¡C
3.1¼å¤ô»P«O墒¡G½¿½»¸¯¤p]¦b¤j¥Ð©w´Ó«á³s¼å¨â¹M¤ô¡A¦A²L²L¦a¶i¦æÃP¤g¡B°£¯ó¡A«O«ù¤gªíÀã¼í¡C©w´Ó·í¦~¤Î¬IªÎ«á¦h¼å¤ô¡A¨ä¥L®ÉÔ¾A·í¤Ö¼å¤ô¡C
3.2·f¬[¡G¨â¦æ¤§¶¡·f¤@¬[¡C¶¶¦æÂ÷´Ó®è30cm¤º¨C¹j3m®I¥ß¬W1®Ú¡A°ª¥X¦a±2m¡A¬W¤l¤WºÝ«ö¥¦æ¤è¦V©Ô¤WÅKµ·¡A¦A»PÅKµ·««ª½¤è¦V©Ô¤W¯ó÷¸j¤W¦Ë§ý¡B¤ì±ø¤§Ãþ¡C·í²ôÃêø¨ì30cm®É¡A±×´¡1®Ú²Ó¦Ë§ý¡A¤Þ²ôÃäW¬[¡C
3.3¥´³»»P×°Å¡G²ôÃäW¬[«á¶¶µÛ¦Ë§ý¤è¦VÄ~Äòª¦¡A·íªø¨ì4m®É¥´¥h³»¤ß¡C¥´³»ºN¤e¯à§í¨î²ôÃî{ªø¡A«P¶i¦a¤U®Ú²ô¼W²Ê¼Wªø¡C¦³¤F¬\ÃáB¦Ñ¸n°Å±¼¡A´î¤Ö¾i®Æ®ø¯Ó¡C
3.4
°lªÎ¡G±q½¿½»¸¯©w´Ó²Ý¦~¶}©l¡A¨C666.6m2¶}·¾®I¬I´\ªÎ2000kg¡BÁC»Ä¤G²B»Ï100kg¡C¨Ãn¦h¬I¹[ªÎ¡A¹ï«P¶i®Úª¬²ô¿±¤j¦³ÅãµÛ§@¥Î¡C7¡ã8¤ë¡A
666.6m2¼Q1%²¸»Ä¹[©Î0.3%ÁC»Ä¤G²B¹[100¡ã120kg¡A¹j10¡ã15d¼Q1¦¸¡A³s¼Q3¡ã4¦¸¡C
ªí¹F«ä©À±¡½Ëªºº¡¤Ñ¬P
º¡¤Ñ¬P¤S¦WÁø¯ó¡Aªá¦·²Ó¤p¡Aªá±ð²Óªø¡A²M¨q¦Ó¬üÄR¡C
¨äÅÖ²ÓªºªáªK³»ºÝ¡A²±¶}µÛ¼b¤pªºªá¦·¡A´N¹³¨ºº©¤ÑªºÁc¬P¡A°{Ã{¥úµØ¡C·L·»´·n¡A»´¬ÕÄÆ¶h¡A¦ü¥G§â¤H±a¶i¤F²¢¬üªº¹Ú¹Ò¡C¨ä^¤å¦W¦r¡§Baby¡¦sbreath¡¨¡A·N«ä¬OÀ¦¨àªº©I§l¡A¯u¬O¤Q¤Àªº«ê·í¡C¬Ý°_¨Ó¬X¬X²H²Hªºº¡¤Ñ¬P¡A´N¹³¼b¹àªºÀ¦¨àªº»´¬Xªº©I§l¡C
º¡¤Ñ¬Pªºªá»y¡G
«ä©À¡B²M¯Â¡B¹Ú¹Ò
»Pª´ºÀ·f°t¡A°eµ¹¤ß¤W¤H¡A¯à«ê¦p¨ä¤Àªºªí¹F¦Û¤vªº·P±¡
Lilium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lily)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song, see Lilium (song).
¡§Lily¡¨ redirects here. For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation).
¡§Lilies¡¨ redirects here. For other uses, see Lilies (disambiguation).
g plants normally growing from bulbs, comprising a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
Contents [hide] |
[edit] Range
Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. A few species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum and Nomocharis.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
[edit] Botany
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.
The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but Lilium candidum bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
[edit] Species
The following is a partial list of the recognised species.
[edit] Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (called ¦Ê¦X·F in Chinese) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis [1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Lilies are considered the most common of flowers to be presented at funerals. The presence of Lilies at funerals symbolizes that the soul of the departed has received restored innocence after death.
[edit] Classification of garden forms
Asiatic hybrid flower
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
[edit] Propagation and growth
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
[edit] Names
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily. [2]
[edit] See also
RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange [3]]
[edit] External links
|
Gypsophila (Baby's-breath; Gypsophila [1] ) is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to Europe, Asia and north Africa. Many species are found on calcium-rich soils, including gypsum, whence the name of the genus. Some species are also sometimes called "baby's breath" or simply, "Gyp", among the floral industry. Its botanical name means "lover of chalk", which is accurate in describing the type of soil in which this plant grows.
They are herbaceous annual and perennial plants growing to 5-120 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, linear to narrow triangular, often falcate (sickle-shaped), 1-7 cm long and 2-8 mm broad. The flowers are produced in large inflorescences, which may be either dense or open and lax; each flower is small, 3-10 mm diameter, with five white or pink petals.
¡@
Gypsophilas are often grown as ornamental plants in gardens; they are grown both as garden plants and also valuable as a cut flower in floristry to add as a filler to flower bouquets. The most commonly encountered in gardens are G. paniculata (a perennial species), G. elegans, and G. muralis (both annual species). They are easily propagated from seed, by cuttings, or by root division before growth starts in the spring. Starting as a tiny seed, the annuals and perennials germinate in ten to fifteen days, and can grow rapidly up to 50 cm in height. While they prefer full sun, along with rich, light soil; deficiencies in poor soil constitution can be overcome by adding a general purpose fertilizer, as long as it is well drained.
Gypsophila paniculata has become an invasive species in parts of North America.
Gypsophila rokejeka is used to provide saponins in the production of halva[2]
Gypsophila species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including three case-bearers of the genus Coleophora which feed on G. fastigiata: C. kyffhusana, C. niveistrigella (both of which feed exclusively on the plant) and C. vicinella.
Flowering plants are heterosporangiate, producing two types of reproductive spores). The pollen (male spores) and ovules (female spores) are produced in different organs, but the typical flower is a bisporangiate strobilus in that it contains both organs.
A flower is regarded as a modified stem with shortened internodes and bearing, at its nodes, structures that may be highly modified leaves.[1] In essence, a flower structure forms on a modified shoot or axis with an apical meristem that does not grow continuously (growth is determinate). The stem is called a pedicel, the end of which is the torus or receptacle. The parts of a flower are arranged in whorls on the torus. The four main parts or whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and working upwards) are as follows:
Although the floral structure described above is considered the "typical" structural plan, plant species show a wide variety of modifications from this plan. These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species. For example, the two subclasses of flowering plants may be distinguished by the number of floral organs in each whorl: dicotyledons typically having 4 or 5 organs (or a multiple of 4 or 5) in each whorl and monocotyledons having three or some multiple of three. The number of carpels in a compound pistil may be only two, or otherwise not related to the above generalization for monocots and dicots.
In the majority of species individual flowers have both pistils and stamens as described above. These flowers are described by botanists as being perfect, bisexual, or hermaphrodite. However, in some species of plants the flowers are imperfect or unisexual: having only either male (stamens) or female (pistil) parts. In the latter case, if an individual plant is either male or female the species is regarded as dioecious. However, where unisexual male and female flowers Additional discussions on floral modifications from the basic plan are presented in the articles on each of the basic parts of the flower. In those species that have more than one flower on an axis¡Xso-called composite flowers¡X the collection of flowers is termed an inflorescence; this term can also refer to the specific arrangements of flowers on a stem. In this regard, care must be exercised in considering what a ¡¥¡¥flower¡¦¡¦ is. In botanical terminology, a single daisy or sunflower for example, is not a flower but a flower head¡Xan inflorescence composed of numerous tiny flowers (sometimes called florets). Each of these flowers may be anatomically as described above. Many flowers have a symmetry, if the perianth is bisected through the central axis from any point, symmetrical halves are produced - the flower is called regular or actinomorphic e.g. rose or trillium. When flowers are bisected and produce only one line that produces symmetrical halves the flower is said to be irregular or zygomorphic. e.g. snapdragon or most orchids.
¡@
A floral formula is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, and symbols. Typically, a general formula will be used to represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species. The following representations are used:
Ca = calyx (sepal whorl; e.g. Ca5 = 5 sepals)
Co = corolla (petal whorl; e.g., Co3(x) = petals some multiple
of three )
Z = add if zygomorphic (e.g., CoZ6 = zygomorphic
with 6 petals)
A = androecium (whorl of stamens; e.g., A¡Û = many
stamens)
G = gynoecium (carpel or carpels; e.g., G1 =
monocarpous)
¡@
x - to represent a "variable number"
¡Û - to represent "many"
¡@
A floral formula would appear something like this:
Several additional symbols are sometimes used (see Key to Floral Formulas).
¡@
The primary purpose of a flower is reproduction by the joining of pollen of one plant with the ovules of another (or in some cases its own ovules) in order to form seed which grows into the next generation of plants. Sexual reproduction produces genetically unique offspring, allowing for adaptation to occur. As such, each flower has a specific design which best encourages the transfer of this pollen. Many flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Others rely on animals (especially insects) to accomplish this feat. Even large animals such as birds, bats, and pygmy possums can be employed. The period of time during which this process can take place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called anthesis.
¡@
Bee orchid mimics a female bee in order to attract a male bee pollinator
Many flowers in nature have evolved to attract animals to pollinate the flower, the movements of the pollinating agent contributing to the opportunity for genetic recombination within a dispersed plant population. Flowers that are insect-pollinated are called entomophilous (literally "insect-loving"). Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on their various parts that attract these animals. Birds and bees are common pollinators: both having color vision, thus opting for "colorful" flowers. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar; they may be visible to us or only under ultraviolet light, which is visible to bees and some other insects. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent. Many of their scents are pleasant to our sense of smell, but not all. Some plants, such as Rafflesia, the titan arum, and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba), are pollinated by flies, so they produce a scent imitating rotting meat. Flowers pollinated by night visitors such as bats or moths are especially likely to concentrate on scent - which can attract pollinators in the dark - rather than color: most such flowers are white.
Still other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Male bees move from one such flower to another in search of a mate.
¡@
The pollination mechanism employed by a plant depends on what method of pollination is utilized.
Most flowers can be divided between two broad groups of pollination methods:
Entomophilous - flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to the next. often they are specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas - arranged with equally pointed precision - of all of the flowers it visits. Many flower rely on simple proximity between flower parts to ensure pollination. Others, such as the Sarracenia or lady-slipper orchids, have elaborate designs to ensure pollination while preventing self-pollination.
Anemophilous - flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, examples include the grasses, Birch trees, Ragweed and Maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Whereas the pollen of entomophilous flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to insects, though it may still be gathered in times of dearth. Honeybees and bumblebees actively gather anemophilous corn (maize) pollen, though it is of little value to them.
Some flowers are self pollinated and use flowers that never open or are self pollinated before the flowers open, these flowers are called clestigomous. Many Viola species and some Salvia have these types of flowers.
¡@
Many flowers have close relationships with one or a few specific pollinating organisms. Many flowers, for example, attract only one specific species of insect, and therefore rely on that insect for successful reproduction. This close relationship is often given as an example of coevolution, as the flower and pollinator are thought to have developed together over a long period of time to match each other's needs.
This close relationship compounds the negative effects of extinction. The extinction of either member in such a relationship would mean almost certain extinction of the other member as well. Some endangered plant species are so because of shrinking pollinator populations.
¡@
ome flowers with both stamens and a pistil are capable of self-fertilization, which does increase the chance of producing seeds but limits genetic variation. The extreme case of self-fertilization occurs in flowers that always self-fertilize, such as many dandelions. Conversely, many species of plants have ways of preventing self-fertilization. Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant may not appear or mature at the same time, or pollen from the same plant may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules. The latter flower types, which have chemical barriers to their own pollen, are referred to as self-sterile or self-incompatible (see also: Plant sexuality).
¡@
While land plants have existed for about 425 million years, the first ones reproduced by a simple adaptation of their aquatic counterparts: spores. In the sea, plants -- and some animals -- can simply scatter out little living copies of themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This is how early plants, such as the modern fern, are thought to have reproduced. But plants soon began protecting these copies to deal with drying out and other abuse which is even more likely on land than in the sea. The protection became the seed...but not, yet, flowers. Early seed-bearing plants include the ginkgo, conifers (like pines), and fir trees. The earliest fossil of a flowering plant, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated about 125 million years old.[2] Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, particularly seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. The apparently sudden appearance of relatively modern flowers in the fossil record posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. Recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps.
Recent DNA analysis (molecular systematics)[3][4] show that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, is the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants, and morphological studies[5] suggest that it has features which may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.
A Syrphid fly on a Grape hyacinth
The general assumption is that the function of flowers, from the start, was to involve other animals in the reproduction process. Pollen can be scattered without bright colors and obvious shapes, which would therefore be a liability, using the plant's resources, unless they provide some other benefit. One proposed reason for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowers is that they evolved in an isolated setting like an island, or chain of islands, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example), the way many island species develop today. This symbiotic relationship, with a hypothetical wasp bearing pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could have eventually resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation, especially when it comes to radical adaptations which seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, apparently evolved specifically for symbiotic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.
Likewise, most fruit used in plant reproduction comes from the enlargement of parts of the flower. This fruit is frequently a tool which depends upon animals wishing to eat it, and thus scattering the seeds it contains.
While many such symbiotic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition with mainland animals and spread, flowers proved to be an unusually effective means of production, spreading (whatever their actual origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.
While there is only hard proof of such flowers existing about 130 million years ago, there is some circumstantial evidence that they did exist up to 250 million years ago. A chemical used by plants to defend their flowers, oleanane, has been detected in fossil plants that old, including gigantopterids[6], which evolved at that time and bear many of the traits of modern, flowering plants, though they are not known to be flowering plants themselves, because only their stems and prickles have been found preserved in detail; one of the earliest examples of petrification.
The similarity in leaf and stem structure can be very important, because flowers are genetically just an adaptation of normal leaf and stem components on plants, a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots.[7] The most primitive flowers are thought to have had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers grew more advanced, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant, or at least "ovary inferior".
Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that many of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern, domesticated flowers used to be simple weeds, which only sprouted when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.[8]
¡@
The molecular control of floral organ identity determination is fairly well understood. In a simple model, three gene activities interact in a combinatorial manner to determine the developmental identities of the organ primordia within the floral meristem. These gene functions are called A, B and C-gene functions. In the first floral whorl only A-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of sepals. In the second whorl both A- and B-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of petals. In the third whorl, B and C genes interact to form stamens and in the center of the flower C-genes alone give rise to carpels. The model is based upon studies of homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. For example, in a loss of B-gene function mutant flower we get sepals in the first whorl as usual, but also in the second whorl (the B-function lost that is needed for petal development). In the third whorl the lack of B function but presence of C-function mimics the fourth whorl, leading to the formation of carpels also in the third whorl. See also The ABC Model of Flower Development.
Most genes central in this model belong to the MADS-box genes and are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes specific for each floral organ.
¡@
The transition to flowering is one of the major phase changes that a plant makes during its life cycle. The transition must take place at a time that will ensure maximal reproductive success. To meet these needs a plant is able to interpret important endogenous and environmental cues such as changes in plant hormones levels and seasonable temperature and photoperiodchanges. Many perennial and most biennial plants require vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of these signals through genes such as CONSTANS and FLC ensures that flowering occurs at a time that is favorable for fertilization and the formation of seeds[9]. Flower formation is initiated at the ends of stems, and involves a number of different physiological and morphological changes. The first step is the transformation of the vegetative stem primordia into floral primordia. This occurs as biochemical changes take place to change cellular differentiation of leaf, bud and stem tissues into tissue that will grow into the reproductive organs. Growth of the central part of the stem tip stops or flattens out and the sides develop protuberances in a whorled or spiral fashion around the outside of the stem end. These protuberances develop into the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower formation event was dependent of some environmental cue. Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the stem will continue to develop a flower.
¡@
¡@
In modern times, people have sought ways to cultivate, buy, wear, or just be around flowers and blooming plants, partly because of their agreeable smell. Around the world, people use flowers for a wide range of events and functions that, cumulatively, encompass one's lifetime:
People therefore grow flowers around their homes, dedicate entire parts of their living space to flower gardens, pick wildflowers, or buy flowers from florists who depend on an entire network of commercial growers and shippers to support their trade.
¡@
Many flowers have important symbolic meanings in Western culture. The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as floriography. Some of the more common examples include:
Flowers within art are also representative of the female genitalia, as seen in the works of artists such as Georgia O'Keefe, Imogen Cunningham, Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, and Judy Chicago, and in fact in Asian and western classical art.
¡@
Flowers provide less food than other major plants parts (seeds, fruits, roots, stems and leaves) but they provide several important foods and spices. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, consists of dried stigmas of a crocus. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Marigold flowers are fed to chickens to give their egg yolks a golden yellow color, which consumers find more desirable. Dandelion flowers are often made into wine. Bee Pollen, pollen collected from bees, is considered a health food by some people. Honey consists of bee-processed flower nectar and is often named for the type of flower, e.g. orange blossom honey, clover honey and tupelo honey.
Hundreds of fresh flowers are edible but few are widely marketed as food. They are often used to add color and flavor to salads. Squash flowers are dipped in breadcrumbs and fried. Edible flowers include nasturtium, chrysanthemum, carnation, cattail, honeysuckle, chicory, cornflower, Canna, and sunflower. Some edible flowers are sometimes candied such as daisy and rose (you may also come across a candied pansy).
¡@
Under Construction
Main and related articles at:
Floristry,
Flower garden,
Gardening,
and
List of flowers Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers such as
chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine, camomile are infused into tea both for their
fragrance and medical properties. Sometimes, they are also mixed with tea leaves
for the added fragrance.
¡@
The great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works of numerous poets, especially from the 18th-19th century Romantic era. Famous examples include William Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and William Blake's Ah! Sun-Flower.
Because of their varied and colorful appearance, flowers have long been a favorite subject of visual artists as well. Some of the most celebrated paintings from well-known painters are of flowers, such as Van Gogh's sunflowers series or Monet's water lilies.
Flowers are also dried, freeze dried and pressed in order to create permanent, three-dimensional pieces of flower art.
¡@
The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of Spring is Flora. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is Chloris.
In Hindu mythology, flowers have a significant status. Vishnu, one of the three major gods in the Hindu system, is often depicted standing straight on a lotus flower.[10] Apart from the association with Vishnu, the Hindu tradition also considers the lotus to have spiritual significance.[11] For example, it figures in the Hindu stories of creation.[12]
¡@
Most Relevant Link:
Taiwan Flowers
¡@
Other Relevant Links:
¡@
Popular Links:
¡@
TAIWAN'S ORCHIDS¡ETAIWAN'S CATTLEYA
¦Ê¦Xªá§ô,Äõªá,ªá©±¨ó·|,°Ó°È°eªá,¤j³°°eªá,¥xÆW,¤¤°ê°eªá,¥xÆW,»OÆW,»OÆWªá©±Áp·ù,±sªáb,¼ö±a«BªLºô¸ôªá©±,ºô¤Wqªá,ºô¤W¶Rªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,¹êÅéªá©±,,¥xÆWªá°|,¥x¥_ªá°|,¬ü°êªá,¤é¥»ªá,¤j³°ªá,¤¤°êªá,Áú°êªá,¾¥¦èôªá,¶V«nªá©±,¶V«nªá,»´äªá,»´äªá©±,»´ä°eªá,ºô¸ôqªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,
¥xÆWªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ºô¸ôªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±,ªá©±,·|³õ§G¸m,»OÆWªá©±,»OÆWªáb,±¡¤H¸`ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y·|³õ§G¸m,
¶ê¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü°ê,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk°ê,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°eĬ«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´ºÀ.ÊI络订ªá,ÊI络买ªá,
¥x湾ªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ÊI络ªá©±,¥x湾ªá©±,ªá©±,会场¥¬¸m,¥x湾ªá©±,¥x湾ªáb,±¡¤H节ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y会场¥¬¸m,
圆¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü国,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk国,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù
´¦{,514,»ô»ô«¢º¸,452,¦¨³£,28,®}¦{,516,ºÖ¦{,591,«¼y,23,¤E¦¿,792,·Hªù,592,°s¬u,937,²a«n,554,®ÛªL,773,Äõ¦{,931,±`¼w,736,¼s¦{,20,¥Û®a²ø,311,¶}«Ê,378,²`¦`,755,¤j³s,411,«n¹ç,771,³\©÷,374,Ân¶§,24,±ï¬w,774,¾G¦{,371,¼¾¶¶,413,¦ÂÀY,754,¤j¦P,352,¶Q¶§,851,¬u¦{,595,Á{¨^,569, °e«D¬w,°e苏«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´ºÀ.¥x湾ªá©±,ªá©±,°eªá¨ì¥x湾,¥x湾ªáb,±¡¤H节ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,°e¬ü国,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk国,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°e苏«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´À°§A°ê¥~¶RªF¦è,À°§A¶R¥~°ê³f,Pears
Soap,¡@
Link1
Link2
Link3
Link4
Link5
Link6
Link7 link8
link9
Link1
Link4
Link5
Link6
link7
link8 link9
link1
link2
link3
ºô¸ôqªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,
¥xÆWªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ºô¸ôªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±,ªá©±,·|³õ§G¸m,»OÆWªá©±,»OÆWªáb,±¡¤H¸`ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y·|³õ§G¸m,
¶ê¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü°ê,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk°ê,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°eĬ«X,°e¥_¨Ê
ªá,ªáªá,ªá,ªá,ª´ºÀªá,¦Ê¦Xªá,»¤ô¦Ê¦X,¤÷¿Ë¸`ªá§ô,²¦·~ªá§ô,¥xÆWªá©±,¥þ²y°eªá,ªá°e¥xÆW,ªá°e¥x¥_,ªá°e°ª¶¯,°ê»Ú°eªá,µØ·sªáb,ªá¹D®aDJFlower,ªá¹D®a,ªá¨ì®a,·½¬ä,·½¬ä,ªá¥c,ªá©±,¥x¥_ªáÃÀ,·|³õ§G¸m,±B§·|³õ§G¸m,¦Ê¦Xª´ºÀ,º¡¤Ñ¬P,±d¤DÄÉ,ª´ºÀªá¹Ï¤ù,ÂŦ⪴ºÀ,flower¥_§ë°eªá,¥ÛµP°eªá,¤Ñ¥À°eªá,¶§©ú¤s°eªá,¤j¦Pªá©±,¤hªL°eªá,¼C¼æªá©±,¼C¼æ°eªá,°ª¬[ªáÄx,¬Öªá,°ê»Ú»¼°e,°eªá,¶Rªá,©wªá,½XÀY°eªá,½XÀYªá©±,¾÷³õªá©±,ºô¸ôªá©±,ºô¤Wªá©±,¤j¦wªá©±,Á`²Îªá©±,¥ßªk°|ªá©±,¥x¥_ªáb,¥x¥_¥«ªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±Áp·ù,»OÆWªá©±
Á`±¿n
¥xÆWªáb/»OÆWªáb/»OÆWªá°|/¥xÆWªá¶é/°eªá¨ì¥þ¥@¬É,¥H¤W¬ü°ê¦U¦{,°eªá,qªá,¶Rªá,°eªá¨ì¬ü°ê.
¤é¥»³Q¹º¤À¬°47Ó¤@¯Å¦æ¬F°Ï¡G¤@³£¡]ªF¨Ê³£¡^¡B¤@¹D¡]¥_®ü¹D¡^¡B¤G©²¡]¤j¨Á©²¡B¨Ê³£©²¡^¡B¥|¤Q¤T¿¤¡C
¦¨û°ê¡G ¿D¬w | ¶ø¦a§Q | ¤ñ§Q®É | ¥[®³¤j | ±¶§J¦@©M°ê | ¤¦³Á | ªâÄõ | ªk°ê | ¼w°ê | §ÆÃ¾ | ¦I¤ú§Q | ¦B®q | ·Rº¸Äõ | ¸q¤j§Q | ¤é¥» | «nÁú | ¿c´Ë³ù | ¾¥¦èô | °¨º¸¥L | ²üÄõ | ¯Ã¦èÄõ | ®¿«Â | ªiÄõ | ¸²µå¤ú | ´µ¬¥¥ï§J | ¦è¯Z¤ú | ·ç¨å | ·ç¤h | ¤g¦Õ¨ä | ^°ê | ¬ü°ê
¥[®³¤j¤Q¬Ù¤T¦a°Ï¤À§O¬°¡G
¡@
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
Ãö©ó¤¤¤åÁcÅé¡]ª`µ«÷µ±Æ§Ç¡^ª©¥»ªº³W¹º¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\°Q½×¶¤¤ªº»¡©ú¡C
¡@
¤¤¤å¦a°Ï¦W ^¤å¦a°Ï¦W ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]»OÆW¥Îªk¡^¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]¤¤°ê¤j³°¥Îªk¡^ ì¤åº³£¦W^¤åº³£¦W ªþµù£t¡]B¡^ ¤Ú¨©¦hBarbados ¾ôÂí Bridgetown Papua New Guinea ²ö尔兹¤ñ´äPort Moresby ¤Ú®³°¨Panama ¤Ú®³°¨«° Panama City Paraguay 亚ªQ´Ë¦è¯Z¤ú¤å¡GAsunción Asuncion Palestine C¸ô¼»§NJerusalem °Ñ¬Ý¥H¤Ú½Ä¬ð Bahrain 麦纳麦Manama ¤Ú«¢°¨Bahamas, The ®³ÄÌ Nassau Pakistan ¥ì´µ兰³ùIslamabad ¤Ú¦èBrazil ¤Ú¦è§Q¨È Brasilia Puerto Rico ÉoJ¦wSan Juan ¬ü°êÄݦa Bolivia ©Ô¤Ú´µLa Paz ©¯[Palau ¬ìùº¸ Koror Poland 华¨FªiÄõ¤å¡GWarszawa Warsaw Botswana «¢³Õ罗内Gaborone ªi¤h¥§¨È»®¶ëôºû¯ÇBosnia and Herzegovina ¶ë©ÔC¦ò Sarajevo Belarus ©ú´µ§JMinsk ¨©«nBenin ·s´ä¬_¦h§V Porto-Novo Cotonou ·s´ä¬°¨©«n¦W¸qº³£¡A¦ý¤¤¥¡¬F©²¹ê»Ú¤W¦ì©ó¬ì¦h§V ¨©¨½´µBelize ¨©º¸¾¥¨¹ Belmopan Korea, North ¥Ä[Áú¤å¡G평양 Pyongyang Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of ¥§¬ì¦è亚Nicosia «O¥[§Q¨ÈBulgaria ¯Áµá¨È Sofia Belgium ¥¬鲁¶ë尔Brussels ¦B®qIceland ¹p§J¶®ºû§J Reykjavik Bhutan §Ê¥¬Thimphu ¥¬¦N¯Çªk¯ÁBurkina Faso ¥Ë¥[§ù¥j Ouagadougou |
---|
¡@
¸²µå¤ú Portugal ¨½´µ¥» Lisbon Burundi ¥¬琼¥¬©ÔBujumbura £v¡]M¡^ Madagascar ¶ð¨º¨º§Q¦òAntananarivo °¨©Ô«ÂMalawi ¨½®Ô«Â ¡@Lilongwe °¨¨Ó¦è¨ÈMalaysia ¦N¶©©Y Kuala Lumpur Mali ¤Ú马¬ì¡@ Bamako Macedonia, F.Y.R.O. ´µ¬ì´¶¨½Skopje °¨²Ðº¸¸s®qMarshall Islands °¨¤[ù Majuro Maldives 马²Öªk¤å¡GMalé Male Malta ¥Ë莱¶ðValletta ¼¯¯ÇôMonaco ¼¯¯Çô«° Monaco Morocco ©Ô¤Ú¯SRabat ¼Ò¨½¦è´µMauritius ¸ô©ö¤h´ä Port Louis Mexico ¾¥¦èô«°Mexico City ²ö¤T¤ñ§JMozambique °¨¥¬¦h Maputo Moldova °ò§Æ讷乌Chisinau ¬ü°êAmerica, United States of µØ²±¹y Washington D.C. Mauritania §V¥Ë§J¨v¯SNouakchott °Ò®qMan, Isle of ¹D®æ©Ô´µDouglas ^°ê¬Ó®aÄݦa Mongolia 乌兰¤Ú¦«Ulaanbaatar »X¯S¤ºôùMontenegro ªi¼w¤à¨½¹î Podgorica Bangladesh 达¥dDhaka ½q¨lMyanmar »«°¨®³ Pyinmana Peru §Q马Lima ±K§Jù¥§¦è¨ÈMicronesia ©¬§Q°òº¸ ¡@Palikir |
¡@
¤¤¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ^¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]Ác¡^ | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]²¡^ | ì¤åº³£¦W | ^¤åº³£¦W | ªþµù |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£w¡]F¡^ | ||||||
ªk°ê France ¤Ú¾¤ Paris Philippines, The 马¥§©ÔManila ´´ÀÙFiji Ĭ¥Ë Suva Vatican, The ±ë¸¦冈«°Vatican City, The ¤S¦W±Ð§Ê¡]Holy See, The¡^ Finland »®尔¨¯°òHelsinki £x¡]D¡^ Germany ¬fªLBerlin ¤¦³ÁDenmark ô¥»«¢®Ú ¤¦³Á¤å¡GKøbenhavnCopenhagen ¦h¦Ì¥§§JDominica ù±ô Roseau Dominican Republic Éo¦h©ú¦USanto Domingo ¦hôTogo ¬¥¬ü ªk¤å¡GLoméLome ªF«Ò¨ZEast Timor ¨f¤O Dili Tonga §V库ªü¬¥ªkNukualofa £y¡]T¡^ Tajikistan §ù©|别Dushanbe ®õ°êThailand °Ò¨¦ ®õ¤å¡GกรุงเทพมหานครBangkok ¥xÆW¡]¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡^Taiwan, or Taipei °Ñ¨£¥xÆW°ÝÃD Tanzania ¦h¦h马达²Ö´µ萨©Ô©i Dodoma Tunis ¤g®w°ÒTurkmenistan ªü¤°«¢¤Ú¯S Ashgabat Turkey ¦w¥d©ÔAnkara ¦R¥Ë¾|Tuvalu ºÖ¯Ç¦ò´£ Funafuti |
¡@
¯Ç¦Ì¤ñ¨È Namibia ·Å²ü§J Windhoek Nigeria ªü¥¬贾Abuja «n«DSouth Africa ´¶§Q¦«¨½¨È¡]¦æ¬F¡^¶}´¶´°¡]¥ßªk¡^ ¥¬¶©¬u¡]¥qªk¡^ Pretoria Cape Town Bloemfontein «n«D±Ä¤Tº³£¨î¡A¦æ¬F¡B¥ßªk»P¥qªk¤¤¤ß³]©ó¤£¦P«°¥« ¥§ªyº¸Nepal ¥[¼wº¡³£ Kathmandu Nicaragua 马¨º¥ÊManagua ¥§¤éNiger ¥§ªü¬ü Niamey New Zealand ´f灵顿Wellington ¯Ã®JNiue ªü¬¥«D Alofi¯Ã®J¬°¯Ã¦èÄõ¤UÄݪº¦Û¥Ñµ²¦X¦Ûªv°ê ¿Õ¾|Nauru µLº³£¡A¦æ¬F¤¤¤ß³]©ó¨ÈÛ Yaren Norway 奥´µ陆Oslo £{¡]L¡^ Latvia ¨½¥[Riga ¿à¤ñ·ç¨ÈLiberia »Xùºû¨È Monrovia Lesotho 马¶ë卢Maseru ¾¤¤Ú¹àLebanon ¨©¾|¯S Beirut Libya ªº¾¤ªi¨½Tripoli ¥ß³³©{Lithuania ºûº¸¯Ã´µ Vilnius Liechtenstein ¥Ë§ù兹Vaduz ¼d°êLaos ¥Ã¬Ã Vientiane Luxembourg 卢´Ë³ùLuxembourg City ¿c¦w¹FRwanda ¦N¨Î§Q Kigali Romania ¥¬¥[°Ç´µ¯SBucharest |
¡@
¤¤¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ^¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]Ác¡^ | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]²¡^ | ì¤åº³£¦W | ^¤åº³£¦W | ªþµù |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£|¡]G¡^ | ||||||
¥Ê¦a°¨©Ô Guatemala ¥Ê¦a°¨©Ô¥« Guatemala City Colombia Éoµáªiô¤j¦è¯Z¤ú¤å¡GBogotá Bogota Grenada Éo乔ªvSt. George's ô´µ¤j¾¤¥[Costa Rica ¸t²ü¦è ¦è¯Z¤ú¤å¡GSan JoséSan Jose »\¨È¨ºGuyana ³ìªv«° Georgetown Gambia, The ¯Z¯]尔Banjul ®Ú®§®qGuernsey ¸t©¼±o´äSaint Peter Port ^°ê¬Ó®aÄݦa Congo, Democratic Republic of the ª÷¨F萨Kinshasa èªG¦@©M°êCongo, Republic of the ¥¬©Ô¥¾ºûº¸ Brazzaville Cuba «¢¥Ë¨ºHavana £}¡]K¡^ Qatar ¦h«¢Doha ¸¯¼¯Comoros ²ö¬¥¥§ Moroni Cameroon ¶®温±oªk»y¡GYaoundé Yaounde Croatia 萨®æ°Ç¥¬Zagreb ¬ì«Â¯SKuwait ¬ì«Â¯S¥« Kuwait City Kenya 内罗毕Nairobi £~¡]H¡^ Kazakhstan ªü´µ¶ð纳«X¤å¡GАстана Astana Netherlands ªü©i´µ¯S¤¦Amsterdam Port-au-Prince «nÁúKorea, South ºº¸ Áú¤å¡G서울Seoul ºº¸¦b¤¤¤åÀô¹Ò¤¤¸û¬°¼ôª¾ªºÂº٬°¡uº~«°¡v Honduras ¯S¥j¦è¥[尔¤ÚTegucigalpa |
¡@
¤¤¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ^¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]Ác¡^ | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]²¡^ | ì¤åº³£¦W | ^¤åº³£¦W | ªþµù |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£¡¡]J¡^ | ||||||
¦N¥¬¦a Djibouti ¦N¥¬¦a Djibouti Kiribati ¶ð©Ô¥ËTarawa ¦Nº¸¦N´µKyrgyzstan ¤ñ´µ³Í§J Bishkek Guinea ¬ì纳§J¨½Conakry ´X¤º¨È¤ñ¯ÁGuinea-Bissau ¤ñ¯Á Bissau Gabon §Q§B维尔Libreville {¯ÇGhana ªü§J©Ô Accra Canada ´ì¤Ó华Ottawa ±¶§JCzech Republic ¥¬©Ô®æ PrahaPrague ±Ð§Ê©Î±ë¸¦©£ Holy See, The Phnom Penh £¢¡]Q¡FCi¡^ Georgia ²Ä¤ñ§Q´µTbilisi ¤d¨½¹F¤Î¦«¤ÚôTrinidad and Tobago ¦è¯Z¤ú´ä Port-of-Spain££¡]X¡FSi¡^ ¦è¯Z¤úSpain °¨¼w¨½ Madrid Greece ¶®¨å§ÆÃ¾¤å¡G£D£cή£h£\¡þAthína Athens West Sahara ªü¤×®¦El Aaiún Laayouneª§Ä³¦a°Ï¡A¥Ñ¼¯¬¥ô¦û»â¤¤ ¨¯¤Ú«ÂZimbabwe «¢©Ô¹p Harare Singapore ·s¥[©YSingapore City ¶H¤ú®ü©¤Côte d'Ivoire ¶®¿p¯Á¤àªü¥²©| Yamoussoukro Abidjan ¶®¿p¯Á¤à¬°¹wp·h¾Eªº·s³£¡A¦ý¤¤¥¡¬F©²¤´¦bªü¥²©|¹B§@ ±Ô§Q¨ÈSyria ¤j°¨¤h² Damascus Hungary ¥¬达¨Ø´µBudapest |
¡@
´¼§Q Chile ¸t¦a¤úô ¦è¯Z¤ú¤å¡GSantiago de Chile Santiago ¤¤«DCentral African Republic ¯Z°ò Bangui Republic of China ¥x¥_Taipei °Ñ¨£¥xÆW°ÝÃD People's Republic of China ¥_¨ÊBeijing £¥¡]Ch¡^ Equatorial Guinea 马©Ô³ÕMalabo ¬d¼wChad ®¦¥[¬ü¯Ç N'Djamena£¦¡]Sh¡^ ·à¤l¤sSierra Leone ¦Û¥Ñ«° Freetown Swaziland ©i¤Ú¤Ú¯ÇMbabane ¨F¯Q¦aªü©Ô§BSaudi Arabia §Q¶®¼w ªü©Ô§B¤å¡GالرياضRiyadh ©|¤ñ¨ÈZambia ¸ô¨F¥d Lusaka San Marino Éo马¤O诺San Marino ¸t¦h¬ü»P´¶ªL¦è¤ñSão Tomé and Príncipe ¸t¦h¬ü São ToméSao Tome ¸tÅS¦è¨ÈSaint Lucia ¥d´µ»A Castries Saint Kitts and Nevis ¤Ú´µ¯S尔Basseterre ¸t¤å´Ë¤Î®æ·ç¨º¤BSaint Vincent and the Grenadines ª÷¥Û«° Kingstown£§¡]R¡^ ¤é¥»Japan ªF¨Ê Tokyo Sweden ´µ¼wô尔¼¯Stockholm ·ç¤hSwitzerland §B®¦ Bern£¨¡]Z¡^ ¿A¦è®qJersey ¸t¦ã§QCªk¤å¡G |
¡@
¤¤¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ^¤å¦a°Ï¦W | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]Ác¡^ | ¤¤¤åº³£¦W¡]²¡^ | ì¤åº³£¦W | ^¤åº³£¦W | ªþµù |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ª¡]S¡^ | ||||||
´µ¨½Äõ¥d Sri Lanka ¥iÛ©Y¥i´£ Colombo Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte ¥iÛ©Y¬°¦W¸qº³£¡A¦ý¤¤¥¡¬F©²¹ê»Ú©Ò¦b¦a¦ì©ó¥iÛ©Y¥°Ïªº¥i´£ ´µ¬¥¥ï§JSlovakia ¥¬©Ô´£´µ©Ô¥Ë Bratislava Slovenia 卢¥¬尔¶®¨ºLjubljana ÂÈSamoa ªü§È¨È Apia El Salvador Éo萨尔¥Ë¦hSan Salvador ÁÉ´¶°Ç´µCyprus, Republic of ¥§¥j¦è¨È Nicosia Senegal 达³Ø尔Dakar ¶ë®uº¸Seychelles ºû¦h§Q¨È Victoria Serbia 贝尔®æ莱¼wBelgrade Ĭ¤¦Sudan ³Ø¤g¿p Khartoum Suriname ©¬©Ô马¨½³ÕParamaribo ¯Á°¨§Q¨ÈSomalia ¼¯¥[}¥ð Mogadishu Solomon Islands ÀN¥§亚©ÔHoniara |
||||||
£«¡]A¡^ | ||||||
ªü°Ò Oman °¨´µ³Ø¯S Muscat Afghanistan ³Ø¥¬尔Kabul ªü©Ô§BÁp¦X¤j¤½°êUnited Arab Emirates ªü¥¬¹F¤ñ ªü©Ô§B¤å¡GأبوظبيAbu Dhabi ªü¾|¤ÚAruba ¾ï«°²üÄõ¤å¡GOranjestad ²üÄõ®ü¥~Äݦa Argentina ¥¬©y诺´µ¦ã§Q´µBuenos Aires ªüº¸¤Ú¥§¨ÈAlbania ¦a©Ô¨º Tirana Algeria ªü尔¤Î尔ªü©Ô§B¤å¡Gالجزائر¡þ |
||||||
£¡]E¡^ | ||||||
¤Ì§Q««¨È | Eritrea | ªü´µº¿©Ô | ªü´µ马©Ô | ¡@ | Asmara | ¡@ |
«Xù´µ | Russia | ²ö´µ¬ì | ²ö´µ¬ì | «X¤å¡GМосква¡þMoskva | Moscow | ¡@ |
¤Ì¥Ê¦h | Ecuador | °ò¦h | °ò¦h | ¡@ | Quito | ¡@ |
¡@
®J¤Î | Egypt | ¶}ù | 开罗 | ¡@ | Cairo | ¡@ |
·R¨F¥§¨È | Estonia | ¶ðªL | ¶ðªL | ¡@ | Tallinn | ¡@ |
·Rº¸Äõ | Ireland | ³£¬fªL | ³£¬fªL | ¡@ | Dublin | ¡@ |
£±¡]A¡^ | ||||||
¿D¤j§Q¨È | Australia | §¢°ö©Ô | ³ô°ö©Ô | ¡@ | Canberra | ¡@ |
¶ø¦a§Q | Austria | ºû¤]¯Ç | 维¤]纳 | ¼w¤å¡GWien | Vienna | ¡@ |
£³¡]A¡^ | ||||||
¦w¹Dº¸ | Andorra | ¦w¹Dº¸«° | ¦w¹D尔«° | ¡@ | Andorra la Vella | ¡@ |
¦w¦a¥d¤Î¤Ú¥¬¹F | Antigua and Barbuda | ¸t¬ù¿« | Éo约¿« | ¡@ | St. John's | ¡@ |
¦wô©Ô | Angola | ¾|¦w¹F | 罗¦w达 | ¡@ | Luanda | ¡@ |
£¸¡]Y¡^ | ||||||
¸q¤j§Q Italy ù°¨ Rome Iraq ¤Ú®æ达Baghdad ¥ì®ÔIran ¼w¶ÂÄõ Tehran Ethiopia 亚ªº´µ亚贝¤ÚAddis Ababa ¥H¦â¦CIsrael C¸ô¼»§N¥x©Ôºû¤Ò Jerusalem Tel Aviv ÁöµM¥H¦â¦C©x¤è©w³£©óC¸ô¼»§N¡A¦ý¤¤¥¡¬F©²»P¦U°ê¾n¥H¥~À]¤´¶°¤¤©ó¥x©Ôºû¤Ò ¤ú¶R¥[Jamaica ¨Ê´µ´° Kingston Armenia ®J¨½温Yerevan ¨È¶ë«ôµMAzerbaijan ¤Ú®w Baku Yemen 萨¨ºSanaá Sanaa Indonesia ¶®¥[达Jakarta ¦L«×India ·s¼w¨½ ¦L«×¤å¡Gनई दिल्लीNew Delhi ^°êUnited Kingdom Û´° London Jordan ¦w°Òªü©Ô§B¤å¡Gعمان Amman |
||||||
£¹¡]W¡^ | ||||||
¯Q©Ô¦c Uruguay »X¯Sºû¦h Montevideo Uganda §¢©¬©ÔKampala ¯Q§JÄõUkraine °ò»² «X¤å¡GКиевKiev ¯Q¯÷§O§JUzbekistan ¶ð¤°¤z Tashkent Cape Verde ´¶©Ô亚Praia ©e¤º·ç©ÔVenezuela ¥d©Ô¥d´µ Caracas Vanuatu 维©Ô´äPort Vila ¨ZµÜBrunei ´µ¨½¨©¥[¸U¥« Bandar Seri Begawan |
||||||
£º¡]Y¡^
Vietnam
ªe内 Hanoi |
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¦Û¥Ñ¦a°Ï¡]¹ê»Ú¦æ¬F°Ï¡^µù1 ¬Ù(µê¯Å¤Æ)µù2
²ºÙ 5Ó¥«
18Ó¿¤
¥xÆW¬Ù
¥x
ºÖ«Ø¬Ù
»Ô
ª½ÁÒ¥« ²ºÙ ¥x¥_¥« ¥_ °ª¶¯¥«µù5 °ª
»´ä®q | ¤EÀs¦è | ¤EÀsªF |
---|---|---|
·s¬ÉªF | ·s¬É¦è |
---|---|
«nÁú¥Ñ8Ó¹D¡]도¡^¡B¤@Ó¯S§O¦Ûªv¹D¡]특별자치도¡^¡B¤@Ó¯S§O¥«¡]특별시¡^©M6Ó¼s°ì¥«¡]광역시¡^²Õ¦¨¡C
¦a°ì | ¦WºÙ | Áú»y | º©² | ¤H¤f | ±¿n | ¤G¯Å¬F°Ï | ¹Ï¸¹ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
¨Ê½B | ºº¸¯S§O¥« | 서울 특별시 | ¤¤°Ï | 9,853,972 | 606 | 25 °Ï | 1 |
¨Ê½B¹D | 경기도 | ¤ôì | 8,937,752 | 10,136 | 27¥« 4°p 13°Ï | 8 | |
¤¯¤t¼s°ì¥« | 인천 광역시 | «n¬}°Ï | 2,466,338 | 958 | 8°Ï 2°p | 4 | |
¦¿ì | ¦¿ì¹D | 강원도 | ¬K¤t | 1,484,536 | 16,536 | 7¥« 11°p | 9 |
¥þù | ¥þù¥_¹D | 전라 북도 | ¥þ¦{ | 1,887,239 | 8,047 | 6¥« 8°p 2°Ï | 12 |
¥þù«n¹D | 전라 남도 | °È¦w¥« | 1,994,287 | 11,956 | 5¥« 17°p | 13 | |
¥ú¦{¼s°ì¥« | 광주 광역시 | ¦è°Ï | 1,350,948 | 501 | 5°Ï | 5 | |
¼y©| | ¼y©|¥_¹D | 경상 북도 | ¤jªô¼s°ì¥« | 2,716,218 | 19,021 | 10¥« 13°p 2°Ï | 14 |
¼y©|«n¹D | 경상 남도 | ©÷ì | 2,970,929 | 10,518 | 10¥« 10°p 2°Ï | 15 | |
°y¤s¼s°ì¥« | 부산 광역시 | ½¬³ö°Ï | 3,655,437 | 886 | 15°Ï 1°p | 2 | |
¤jªô¼s°ì¥« | 대구 광역시 | ¤¤°Ï | 2,473,990 | 886 | 7°Ï 1°p | 3 | |
½«¤s¼s°ì¥« | 울산 광역시 | «n°Ï | 1,012,110 | 1,056 | 4°Ï 1°p | 7 | |
©¾²M | ©¾²M¥_¹D | 충청 북도 | ²M¦{ | 1,462.621 | 7,433 | 3¥« 8°p 2°Ï | 10 |
©¾²M«n¹D | 충청 남도 | ¤j¥Ð¼s°ì¥« | 1,840,410 | 8,590 | 6¥« 9°p | 11 | |
¤j¥Ð¼s°ì¥« | 대전 광역시 | ¤¤°Ï | 1,365,961 | 540 | 5°Ï | 6 | |
ÀÙ¦{ | ÀÙ¦{¯S§O¦Ûªv¹D | 제주특별자치도 | ÀÙ¦{ | 512,541 | 1,846 | 2¥« | 16 |
Á`±¿n¡]¥e¥þ°êÁ`±¿n¦Ê¤À¤ñ¡^¡G
# | ¬Ù¯Å¦æ¬F°Ï | ±¿n | ¦Ê¤À¤ñ |
1 | ·sæ | 1,600,000 | 16.7% |
2 | ¦èÂà | 1,220,000 | 12.7% |
3 | ¤º»X¥j | 1,183,000 | 12.3% |
4 | «C®ü | 720,000 | 7.5% |
5 | ¥|¤t | 488,000 | 5.08% |
6 | ¶ÂÀs¦¿ | 469,000 | 4.89% |
7 | ¥ÌµÂ | 450,000 | 4.69% |
8 | ¶³«n | 394,000 | 4.11% |
9 | ¼s¦è | 236,300 | 2.46% |
10 | ´ò«n | 210,000 | 2.19% |
11 | °¢¦è | 205,000 | 2.14% |
12 | ªe¥_ | 190,000 | 1.98% |
13 | ´ò¥_ | 187,400 | 1.95% |
14 | ¦NªL | 187,000 | 1.95% |
15 | ¼sªF | 186,000 | 1.94% |
16 | ¶Q¦{ | 170,000 | 1.77% |
17 | ªe«n | 167,000 | 1.74% |
18 | ¦¿¦è | 166,600 | 1.74% |
19 | ¤s¦è | 156,000 | 1.63% |
20 | ¤sªF | 153,000 | 1.59% |
21 | ¿ñ¹ç | 145,700 | 1.52% |
22 | ¦wÀ² | 139,000 | 1.45% |
23 | ºÖ«Ø | 120,000 | 1.25% |
24 | ¦¿Ä¬ | 102,600 | 1.07% |
25 | ®ý¦¿ | 101,800 | 1.06% |
26 | «¼y | 82,000 | 0.854% |
27 | ¹ç®L | 66,400 | 0.692% |
28 | ®ü«n | 34,000 | 0.354% |
29 | ¥_¨Ê | 16,800 | 0.175% |
30 | ¤Ñ¬z | 11,300 | 0.118% |
31 | ¤W®ü | 6340.5 | 0.0646% |
- | »´ä | 1,104.04 | 0.0114% |
- | ¿Dªù | 24 | <0.001% |
¤H¤f±K«×¡G
¡@
¨ä¤¤¬Ù·|¥Î²ÊÅé¦rªí©ú¡C
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¨ä¤¤¦Ûªv°Ïº©²¥Î²ÊÅé¦rªí©ú¡C
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
ªü´I¦½ - ªü©Ô§BÁp¦X¤j¤½°ê - ªü°Ò - ¨È¶ë«ôµM - ¿Dªù - ¤Ú°ò´µ©Z - ¤Ú°Ç´µ©Z - ¤ÚªL - ¤£¤¦ - ¥_Áú - µá«ß»« - ³ìªv¨È - «¢ÂħJ - «nÁú - ¦Nº¸¦N´µ - ¬Z®H¹ë - ¥d¹F - ¬ì«Â¯S - ¼d°ê - ¾¤¤Ú¹à - °¨¨Ó¦è¨È - »X¥j - ½q¨l - ©s¥[©Ô°ê - ¥§ªyº¸ - ¤é¥» - ¨F¯Q¦aªü©Ô§B - ´µ¨½Äõ¥d - ¶ð¦N§J - ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¡]»OÆW¡^- ®õ°ê - ¤g¦Õ¨ä - ¤g®w°Ò - ¯Q¯÷§O§J - ¨ZµÜ - »´ä - ·s¥[©Y - ±Ô§Q¨È - ¸ªù - ¨È¬ü¥§¨È - ¨È¶ë«ôµM - ¥ì©Ô§J - ¥ì®Ô - ¥H¦â¦C - ¦L«× - ¦L¥§ - ¬ù¥¹ - ¶V«n - ¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê(¤¤°ê¡^
¡@
¤W®ü¡@¥_¨Ê¡@¤Ñ¬z¡@«¼y¡@¼s¦{¡@ªZº~¡@Ân¶§¡@«n¨Ê¡@«¢º¸ÀØ¡@¦¨³£¡@¦è¦w¡@²`¦`
¡@
¡@
¡@
¦Ê¦Xªá§ô,Äõªá,ªá©±¨ó·|,°Ó°È°eªá,¤j³°°eªá,¥xÆW,¤¤°ê°eªá,¥xÆW,»OÆW,»OÆWªá©±Áp·ù,±sªáb,¼ö±a«BªLºô¸ôªá©±,ºô¤Wqªá,ºô¤W¶Rªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,¹êÅéªá©±,,¥xÆWªá°|,¥x¥_ªá°|,¬ü°êªá,¤é¥»ªá,¤j³°ªá,¤¤°êªá,Áú°êªá,¾¥¦èôªá,¶V«nªá©±,¶V«nªá,»´äªá,»´äªá©±,»´ä°eªá,ºô¸ôqªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,
¥xÆWªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ºô¸ôªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±,ªá©±,·|³õ§G¸m,»OÆWªá©±,»OÆWªáb,±¡¤H¸`ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y·|³õ§G¸m,
¶ê¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü°ê,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk°ê,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°eĬ«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´ºÀ.ÊI络订ªá,ÊI络买ªá,
¥x湾ªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ÊI络ªá©±,¥x湾ªá©±,ªá©±,会场¥¬¸m,¥x湾ªá©±,¥x湾ªáb,±¡¤H节ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y会场¥¬¸m,
圆¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü国,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk国,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù
´¦{,514,»ô»ô«¢º¸,452,¦¨³£,28,®}¦{,516,ºÖ¦{,591,«¼y,23,¤E¦¿,792,·Hªù,592,°s¬u,937,²a«n,554,®ÛªL,773,Äõ¦{,931,±`¼w,736,¼s¦{,20,¥Û®a²ø,311,¶}«Ê,378,²`¦`,755,¤j³s,411,«n¹ç,771,³\©÷,374,Ân¶§,24,±ï¬w,774,¾G¦{,371,¼¾¶¶,413,¦ÂÀY,754,¤j¦P,352,¶Q¶§,851,¬u¦{,595,Á{¨^,569, °e«D¬w,°e苏«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´ºÀ.¥x湾ªá©±,ªá©±,°eªá¨ì¥x湾,¥x湾ªáb,±¡¤H节ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,°e¬ü国,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk国,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°e苏«X,°e¥_¨Ê,°e¤W®ü,±d¤DÄÉ,±d¤DÄɪá§ô,99¦·ª´À°§A°ê¥~¶RªF¦è,À°§A¶R¥~°ê³f,Pears
Soap,¡@
Link1
Link2
Link3
Link4
Link5
Link6
Link7 link8
link9
Link1
Link4
Link5
Link6
link7
link8 link9
link1
link2
link3
ºô¸ôqªá,ºô¸ô¶Rªá,
¥xÆWªáb-ªá©±,°eªá,¥x¥_ªáb-ºô¸ôªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±,ªá©±,·|³õ§G¸m,»OÆWªá©±,»OÆWªáb,±¡¤H¸`ªá§ô,ªá§ô,¬Öªá,ª´ºÀ,¨T²y·|³õ§G¸m,
¶ê¤sªá©±,¤hªLªá©±,
°e¬ü°ê,°e¥[®³¤j,°eªk°ê,°e¤é¥»,°e¿D¬w,°e³·±ù,°e«D¬w,°eĬ«X,°e¥_¨Ê
ªá,ªáªá,ªá,ªá,ª´ºÀªá,¦Ê¦Xªá,»¤ô¦Ê¦X,¤÷¿Ë¸`ªá§ô,²¦·~ªá§ô,¥xÆWªá©±,¥þ²y°eªá,ªá°e¥xÆW,ªá°e¥x¥_,ªá°e°ª¶¯,°ê»Ú°eªá,µØ·sªáb,ªá¹D®aDJFlower,ªá¹D®a,ªá¨ì®a,·½¬ä,·½¬ä,ªá¥c,ªá©±,¥x¥_ªáÃÀ,·|³õ§G¸m,±B§·|³õ§G¸m,¦Ê¦Xª´ºÀ,º¡¤Ñ¬P,±d¤DÄÉ,ª´ºÀªá¹Ï¤ù,ÂŦ⪴ºÀ,flower¥_§ë°eªá,¥ÛµP°eªá,¤Ñ¥À°eªá,¶§©ú¤s°eªá,¤j¦Pªá©±,¤hªL°eªá,¼C¼æªá©±,¼C¼æ°eªá,°ª¬[ªáÄx,¬Öªá,°ê»Ú»¼°e,°eªá,¶Rªá,©wªá,½XÀY°eªá,½XÀYªá©±,¾÷³õªá©±,ºô¸ôªá©±,ºô¤Wªá©±,¤j¦wªá©±,Á`²Îªá©±,¥ßªk°|ªá©±,¥x¥_ªáb,¥x¥_¥«ªá©±,¥xÆWªá©±Áp·ù,»OÆWªá©±Áp·ù,ªá,ªá,ªá,ªá
deliver to taiwan,flower delivery to China.¡@
ªü´I¦½ | ªüº¸¤Ú¥§¨È | ªüº¸¤Î§Q¨È | ¨È¶ë«ôµM | ¤ÚªL | ©s¥[©Ô | ¨©«n | ¥¬¦N¯Çªk¯Á | ¨ZµÜ | ³Ø³Á¶© | ¬d¼w | ¸¯¼¯ | ¶H¤ú®ü©¤ | ¦N¥¬¦a | ®J¤Î | ¥[´^ | ¥Ì¤ñ¨È | ´X¤º¨È | ´X¤º¨È¤ñ¯Á | »\¨È¨º | ¦L«×¥§¦è¨È | ¥ì®Ô | ¥ì©Ô§J | ¬ù¥¹ | ¬ì«Â¯S | «¢ÂħJ | ¦Nº¸¦N´µ | ¾¤¤Ú¹à | §Q¤ñ¨È | °¨º¸¦a¤Ò | °¨¨Ó¦è¨È | °¨§Q | T§Q¶ð¥§¨È | ¼¯¬¥ô | ²ö¤T¤ñ§J | ¥§¤é | ©`¤Î§Q¨È | ªü°Ò | ¤Ú°ò´µ©Z | ¤Ú°Ç´µ©Z°ê | ¥d¹F | ¨F¯Q¦aªü©Ô§B | ¶ë¤º¥[º¸ | ·à¤l¤s | ¯Á°¨§Q¨È | Ĭ¤¦ | Ĭ§Q«n | ±Ô§Q¨È | ¶ð¦N§J | ¤g¦Õ¨ä | ¬ð¥§¦è¨È | ¦hô | ¤g®w°Ò | ¯Q¤z¹F | ¯Q¯÷§O§J | ªü©Ô§BÁp¦X¤j¤½°ê | ¸ªù |
¥xÆWªáb¥æ´«³sµ²°Ï(Åwªï¥ô¦ó¤H¨Ó«H¥æ´«³sµ²¡B¨Ó«H taiwanflorist@gmail.com
¡@
| º¶ | ²Åé«È¤áº¶ | °ê»Ú°eªá | ªá°e¤é¥» | ªá°e¬ü°ê | ªá°e¤¤°ê | ·N¨£¤ÏÀ³ | Ápô§ÚÌ | 1234